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<head>਀㰀洀攀琀愀 栀琀琀瀀ⴀ攀焀甀椀瘀㴀∀䌀漀渀琀攀渀琀ⴀ䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀∀ 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀㴀∀攀渀ⴀ甀猀∀㸀 
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਀㰀氀椀渀欀 爀攀氀㴀∀䘀椀氀攀ⴀ䰀椀猀琀∀ 栀爀攀昀㴀∀渀挀㄀㈀开　㠀开昀椀氀攀猀⼀昀椀氀攀氀椀猀琀⸀砀洀氀∀㸀 
਀ 
਀㰀琀椀琀氀攀㸀吀관瀞 猀愀渀 渀最栀椀渀 挀甞 倀栀관琞 栀촀挞㰀⼀琀椀琀氀攀㸀 
<style>਀㰀℀ⴀⴀ 
 p.MsoNormal਀ऀ笀洀猀漀ⴀ猀琀礀氀攀ⴀ瀀愀爀攀渀琀㨀∀∀㬀 
	margin-top:6.0pt;਀ऀ洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ爀椀最栀琀㨀　挀洀㬀 
	margin-bottom:0cm;਀ऀ洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀　挀洀㬀 
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;਀ऀ琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀樀甀猀琀椀昀礀㬀 
	text-justify:inter-ideograph;਀ऀ昀漀渀琀ⴀ猀椀稀攀㨀㄀㈀⸀　瀀琀㬀 
	font-family:CN-Times;਀ऀ紀 
.MsoBody     { font-family: CN-Times; font-size: 12pt; color: #000080; word-spacing: 0; ਀               琀攀砀琀ⴀ椀渀搀攀渀琀㨀 　㬀 氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀 樀甀猀琀椀昀礀㬀  
               margin: 0 }਀搀椀瘀⸀匀攀挀琀椀漀渀㤀 
	{page:Section9;਀ऀ紀 
h1਀ऀ笀洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ琀漀瀀㨀㄀㈀⸀　瀀琀㬀 
	margin-right:0cm;਀ऀ洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀㌀⸀　瀀琀㬀 
	margin-left:0cm;਀ऀ琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀樀甀猀琀椀昀礀㬀 
	text-justify:inter-ideograph;਀ऀ瀀愀最攀ⴀ戀爀攀愀欀ⴀ愀昀琀攀爀㨀愀瘀漀椀搀㬀 
	font-size:18.0pt;਀ऀ昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀䌀一ⴀ吀椀洀攀猀㬀 
	text-transform:uppercase;਀ऀ昀漀渀琀ⴀ猀琀礀氀攀㨀椀琀愀氀椀挀紀 
h2਀ऀ笀洀愀爀最椀渀㨀㌀⸀　瀀琀 　挀洀㬀 琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀挀攀渀琀攀爀㬀 
	page-break-after:avoid;਀ऀ昀漀渀琀ⴀ猀椀稀攀㨀㄀㐀⸀　瀀琀㬀 
	font-family:CN-Times;਀ऀ昀漀渀琀ⴀ眀攀椀最栀琀㨀戀漀氀搀㬀 
	}਀栀㌀ 
	{margin-top:6.0pt;਀ऀ洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ爀椀最栀琀㨀　挀洀㬀 
	margin-bottom:3.0pt;਀ऀ洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀　挀洀㬀 
	text-align:center;਀ऀ瀀愀最攀ⴀ戀爀攀愀欀ⴀ愀昀琀攀爀㨀愀瘀漀椀搀㬀 
	font-size:13.0pt;਀ऀ昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀䌀一ⴀ吀椀洀攀猀㬀 
	color:red;਀ऀ昀漀渀琀ⴀ眀攀椀最栀琀㨀戀漀氀搀㬀 
	font-style:italic;਀ऀ紀 
span.byline਀ऀ笀挀漀氀漀爀㨀渀愀瘀礀紀 
div.Section10਀ऀ笀瀀愀最攀㨀匀攀挀琀椀漀渀㄀　㬀 
	}਀猀瀀愀渀⸀䴀猀漀䘀漀漀琀渀漀琀攀刀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 
	{font-family:CN-Times;਀ऀ挀漀氀漀爀㨀洀愀爀漀漀渀㬀 
	vertical-align:super}਀搀椀瘀⸀匀攀挀琀椀漀渀㄀ 
	{page:Section1;਀ऀ紀 
div.Section2਀ऀ笀瀀愀最攀㨀匀攀挀琀椀漀渀㈀㬀 
	}਀搀椀瘀⸀匀攀挀琀椀漀渀㌀ 
	{page:Section3;਀ऀ紀 
 table.MsoNormalTable਀ऀ笀洀猀漀ⴀ猀琀礀氀攀ⴀ瀀愀爀攀渀琀㨀∀∀㬀 
	font-size:10.0pt;਀ऀ昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀∀吀椀洀攀猀 一攀眀 刀漀洀愀渀∀㬀 
	}਀搀椀瘀⸀匀攀挀琀椀漀渀㐀 
	{page:Section4;਀ऀ紀 
div.Section5਀ऀ笀瀀愀最攀㨀匀攀挀琀椀漀渀㔀㬀 
	}਀搀椀瘀⸀匀攀挀琀椀漀渀㘀 
	{page:Section6;਀ऀ紀 
div.Section7਀ऀ笀瀀愀最攀㨀匀攀挀琀椀漀渀㜀㬀 
	}਀搀椀瘀⸀匀攀挀琀椀漀渀㠀 
	{page:Section8;਀ऀ紀 
-->਀㰀⼀猀琀礀氀攀㸀 
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v\:*         { behavior: url(#default#VML) }਀漀尀㨀⨀         笀 戀攀栀愀瘀椀漀爀㨀 甀爀氀⠀⌀搀攀昀愀甀氀琀⌀嘀䴀䰀⤀ 紀 
.shape       { behavior: url(#default#VML) }਀㰀⼀猀琀礀氀攀㸀 
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]>਀㰀砀洀氀㸀㰀漀㨀猀栀愀瀀攀搀攀昀愀甀氀琀猀 瘀㨀攀砀琀㴀∀攀搀椀琀∀ 猀瀀椀搀洀愀砀㴀∀㄀　㈀㜀∀⼀㸀 
</xml><![endif]-->਀㰀⼀栀攀愀搀㸀 
਀㰀戀漀搀礀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀 挀攀渀琀攀爀∀㸀 
਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䠀攀愀椀渀最㄀∀ 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀洀愀爀最椀渀㨀　 　挀洀㬀 琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀 挀攀渀琀攀爀㬀 ∀㸀 
<font face="Times New Roman">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ眀攀椀最栀琀㨀 渀漀爀洀愀氀㬀 昀漀渀琀ⴀ猀琀礀氀攀㨀 渀漀爀洀愀氀∀㸀吀가倞 匀䄀一㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<h1 align="center" style="margin:0 0cm; text-align: center; ">਀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀∀⌀　　　　㠀　∀ 昀愀挀攀㴀∀吀椀洀攀猀 一攀眀 刀漀洀愀渀∀ 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㐀∀㸀 
<span lang="VI" style="font-style: normal">NGHIÊN CỨU PHẬT HỌC</span></font></h1>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀挀攀渀琀攀爀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀 挀攀渀琀攀爀㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ琀漀瀀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀　∀㸀 
<font face="Times New Roman" size="2">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀嘀䤀∀㸀倀䠀가吞 䜀䤀섀伀 吀䠀䄞 吀䠀䤀쨀一 ⴀ 䠀唀븀㰞⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom:0">਀㰀昀漀渀琀 昀愀挀攀㴀∀吀椀洀攀猀 一攀眀 刀漀洀愀渀∀ 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㈀∀㸀 
<b><i><span lang="VI">Số </span>12<span lang="VI"> - Pl. 2548 - Phổ biến nội bộ</span></i></b></font></p>਀㰀栀爀 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㐀　─∀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0; line-height:150%; margin-bottom:0">਀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<table border="0" width="100%" id="table1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">਀ऀ㰀琀爀㸀 
		<td><!-- #BeginEditable "body" -->਀ 
<h4 style="text-align: center; margin-left: 0"><b><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1027"਀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀㨀愀戀猀漀氀甀琀攀㬀氀攀昀琀㨀　㬀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀氀攀昀琀㬀琀漀瀀㨀　㬀稀ⴀ椀渀搀攀砀㨀㄀㬀 
 mso-position-vertical:absolute' from="5.25pt,-54pt" to="317.25pt,-54pt"/><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span਀猀琀礀氀攀㴀✀洀猀漀ⴀ椀最渀漀爀攀㨀瘀最氀愀礀漀甀琀㬀瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀㨀愀戀猀漀氀甀琀攀㬀稀ⴀ椀渀搀攀砀㨀㄀㬀氀攀昀琀㨀㘀瀀砀㬀琀漀瀀㨀ⴀ㜀㌀瀀砀㬀 
width:418px;height:2px'><img width=418 height=2 src="nc12_08_files/image001.gif"਀瘀㨀猀栀愀瀀攀猀㴀∀开砀　　　　开猀㄀　㈀㜀∀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀℀嬀攀渀搀椀昀崀㸀㰀昀漀渀琀 挀漀氀漀爀㴀∀⌀　　　　㠀　∀ 猀椀稀攀㴀∀㘀∀㸀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 䌀一ⴀ吀椀洀攀猀∀㸀䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀  
NHÂN TÔNG</span></font></b></h4>਀㰀栀㐀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀 挀攀渀琀攀爀㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<font color="#000080" size="6"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CN-Times">਀愀渀搀 琀栀攀 圀愀爀 漀昀 䐀攀昀攀渀猀攀 椀渀 ㄀㈀㠀㔀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀㰀⼀栀㐀㸀 
<hr width="40%">਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀䈀漀搀礀吀攀砀琀㈀∀ 愀氀椀最渀㴀∀爀椀最栀琀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀 挀攀渀琀攀爀㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ琀漀瀀㨀 㘀⸀　瀀琀㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CN-Times; font-style: italic">by Lê Mạnh ਀吀栀琀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<div style="mso-element: dropcap-dropped; mso-element-frame-width: 45.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-element-linespan: 2">਀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀搀椀瘀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀䄀猀 椀琀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 猀愀椀搀 戀攀昀漀爀攀Ⰰ 椀琀 眀愀猀 樀甀猀琀 椀渀 ㄀㈀㜀㤀 眀栀攀渀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀  
Nhân Tông ascended the throne and the Sung Dynasty was exterminated in China ਀琀栀愀琀 䬀甀戀氀愀椀 䬀栀愀渀 最愀瘀攀 漀爀搀攀爀猀 昀漀爀 眀愀爀猀栀椀瀀猀 琀漀 戀攀 戀甀椀氀琀 椀渀 栀椀猀 瀀氀愀渀 漀昀 椀渀瘀愀搀椀渀最  
Đại Việt. His intention seemed to take advantage of the victory his well-trained ਀琀爀漀漀瀀猀 栀愀搀 樀甀猀琀 最愀椀渀攀搀 愀猀 愀渀 椀洀瀀攀琀甀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀愀洀瀀愀椀最渀 琀漀 猀洀愀猀栀 漀甀爀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀ᤀ猠  
fighting power. From his own experience in the war of 1258, however, Kublai ਀䬀栀愀渀ᤀ猠 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀愀挀琀椀挀猀 愀渀搀 猀琀爀愀琀攀最礀 昀漀爀 琀栀椀猀 眀愀爀 猀栀漀眀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 洀甀挀栀 洀漀爀攀  
elaborate. In addition to the north-eastern and south-western armies, he ਀愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀攀搀 琀漀 昀漀爀洀 琀栀攀 琀栀椀爀搀 漀渀攀 猀漀甀琀栀 漀昀 漀甀爀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀 戀礀 漀爀搀攀爀椀渀最 匀漀 吀甀 琀漀 漀挀挀甀瀀礀  
Champa in 1282. In reality, the war proceeded exactly in the strategy he had ਀瀀氀愀渀渀攀搀Ⰰ 礀攀琀 琀栀攀 攀昀昀攀挀琀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 猀漀 猀愀琀椀猀昀愀挀琀漀爀礀 愀猀 栀攀 栀愀搀 攀砀瀀攀挀琀攀搀⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<h6 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 䌀一ⴀ吀椀洀攀猀∀㸀䬀甀戀氀愀椀 䬀栀愀渀ᤀ猠 倀爀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀  
the War of 1285</span></h6>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">Despite his failure to impose the puppet government headed by ਀吀爀꜀渞 䐀椀 섀椀 甀瀀漀渀 漀甀爀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀Ⰰ 䬀甀戀氀愀椀 䬀栀愀渀 瀀愀琀椀攀渀琀氀礀 攀砀瀀攀挀琀攀搀 愀 瘀椀挀琀漀爀礀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀  
battlefield of Champa. Unfortunately, his expectation could not come true as it ਀椀猀 渀漀琀攀搀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀倀攀渀 䌀栀椀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀夀甀愀渀 匀栀椀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 ㄀㌀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀㈀戀㈀ⴀ㌀ 愀渀搀 ㈀戀㤀ⴀ㄀㄀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀  
defeated army of So Tu had to retreat from Champa and “<i>P’ing Chang A Li Hai ਀夀愀 漀昀 䠀甀 䬀眀愀渀最 䠀猀椀渀 匀栀渀最 瘀漀氀甀渀琀攀攀爀攀搀 琀漀 爀攀愀挀栀 琀栀攀 猀攀愀猀栀漀爀攀 琀漀 最愀琀栀攀爀 戀攀愀琀攀渀  
troops [fleeing] from Champa</i>.” Obviously, in the long-termed strategy of ਀爀攀猀椀猀琀愀渀挀攀 戀礀 挀漀洀戀椀渀椀渀最 昀椀最栀琀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 渀攀最漀琀椀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䌀栀愀洀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 栀愀搀 猀甀渀欀 匀漀  
Tu’s troops in the ‘swamp’ of a guerilla warfare in their tropical country.</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">Having received only requests for reinforcement in stead of ਀猀漀洀攀 攀砀瀀攀挀琀攀搀 瘀椀挀琀漀爀礀Ⰰ 漀渀 琀栀攀 ㈀㠀㰀猀甀瀀㸀琀栀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀Ⰰ က椁渀栀 匀甞Ⰰ 漀昀 琀栀攀 㔀㰀猀甀瀀㸀琀栀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀  
month of Chih Yuan 21 (1284) Kublai Khan stripped Wu Ma Er of his commanding ਀猀攀愀氀 搀甀攀 琀漀 栀椀猀 昀愀椀氀甀爀攀 漀昀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀椀渀最 匀漀 吀甀 眀椀琀栀 爀攀椀渀昀漀爀挀攀洀攀渀琀猀⸀ 吀栀攀渀Ⰰ 漀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㈀㰀猀甀瀀㸀琀栀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀Ⰰ  
Mậu Tý, of the 7<sup>th</sup> month of the same year he ordered his son, T’o ਀䠀甀愀渀Ⰰ 漀昀昀椀挀椀愀氀氀礀 琀漀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 琀漀 愀琀琀愀挀欀 䌀栀愀洀瀀愀Ⰰ 愀猀 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀倀攀渀 䌀栀椀㰀⼀椀㸀  
of <i>Yuan Shih</i> 13, p.4a8. Yet, it was merely a pretense of his since the ਀漀戀樀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 漀昀 吀ᤀ漠 䠀甀愀渀ᤀ猠 椀渀瘀愀搀椀渀最 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 䌀栀愀洀瀀愀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 ကꄁ椞 嘀椀윀琞⸀ 䨀甀猀琀 漀渀  
the same day, Mậu Tý, by order of Emperor Nhân Tông, the mission of Trung Lương ਀ကꄁ椞 倀栀甀 一最甀礀씀渞 ကꄁ漞 䠀촀挞 猀甀戀洀椀琀琀攀搀 漀甀爀 氀漀挀愀氀 漀昀昀攀爀椀渀最猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 夀甀愀渀 欀椀渀最 愀渀搀  
thereby investigated their situation. Also it was the day when the Yuan king ਀愀氀氀漀眀攀搀 漀甀爀 攀渀瘀漀礀Ⰰ 䰀 䄀渀栀Ⰰ 琀漀 爀攀琀甀爀渀 栀漀洀攀⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 䌀一ⴀ吀椀洀攀猀∀㸀䤀渀 琀栀攀 洀攀愀渀琀椀洀攀Ⰰ 愀 瀀漀眀攀爀昀甀氀  
staff of their headquarters was formed by Kublai Khan’s order. In addition to ਀吀ᤀ漠 䠀甀愀渀Ⰰ 洀漀猀琀 漀昀 瘀攀琀攀爀愀渀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀猀 漀昀 䴀漀渀最漀氀 愀爀洀攀搀 昀漀爀挀攀猀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 栀愀搀 愀挀焀甀椀爀攀搀  
military merit in annihilating the Sung, were gathered. Among them were A Li Hai ਀夀愀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 栀愀搀 最愀椀渀攀搀 瘀椀挀琀漀爀礀 椀渀 䠀猀椀愀渀最 夀愀渀最Ⰰ 一最漀栀 䌀栀漀甀Ⰰ 倀ᤀ愠渀 䌀栀ᤀ渀最Ⰰ 匀栀渀最 䬀椀愀渀最Ⰰ  
Kiang Ling and many other battlefields in China, and Li Hêng, who had succeeded ਀椀渀 琀栀攀 夀愀椀 匀栀愀渀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 戀爀椀渀最椀渀最 琀栀攀 匀甀渀最 䐀礀渀愀猀琀礀 琀漀 愀渀 攀渀搀㬀 愀渀搀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀  
generals and high-ranked officers who had ever cooperated with and received aid ਀昀爀漀洀 䄀 䰀椀 䠀愀椀 夀愀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 䄀漀 䰀甀 䌀栀椀栀Ⰰ 䌀栀攀渀最 倀ᤀ渀最 䘀攀椀Ⰰ 圀甀 䴀愀 䔀爀Ⰰ 匀漀 吀甀Ⰰ 倀ᤀ愠渀  
Chieh, and so on. Otherwise stated, Kublai Khan had a powerful staff of most ਀琀愀氀攀渀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 瘀攀琀攀爀愀渀 漀昀昀椀挀攀爀猀 椀渀 栀椀猀 栀愀渀搀猀⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀䤀渀 琀栀攀 㜀㰀猀甀瀀㸀琀栀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀 洀漀渀琀栀 漀昀 䌀栀椀栀 夀甀愀渀 ㈀㄀ ⠀㄀㈀㠀㐀⤀ 眀栀攀渀 吀ᤀ漠  
Huan’s troops were halted at Ching Hu Chan Ch’êng Hsin Shêng, Emperor Nhân Tông ਀漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 一最甀礀씀渞 ကꄁ漞 䠀촀挞 琀漀 洀攀攀琀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀洀 琀栀攀爀攀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀愀昀琀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀  
latter ordered Ch’ü Lieh (Külä) and T’a Hai San Li (Taqai Sarïq) to accompany ਀一最甀礀씀渞 ကꄁ漞 䠀촀挞 琀漀 漀甀爀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀 氀攀琀琀攀爀Ⰰ 戀氀愀洀椀渀最 愀渀搀 爀攀焀甀攀猀琀椀渀最 漀甀爀  
emperor to provide supplies for Yuan army and receive T’o Huan from the border ਀椀渀琀漀 漀甀爀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀 漀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 眀愀礀 琀漀 愀琀琀愀挀欀 䌀栀愀洀瀀愀⸀ 䨀甀猀琀 愀猀 吀ᤀ漠 䠀甀愀渀 洀漀瘀攀搀 栀椀猀  
troops to Hsin Shan District of Hu Nan, Ch’ü Lieh and T’a Hai San Li left Đại ਀嘀椀윀琞Ⰰ 愀挀挀漀洀瀀愀渀椀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 吀爀꜀渞 က挞 儀甀渀 愀渀搀 吀爀꜀渞 吀„吀渀最 眀栀漀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀  
the emperor’s letter of refusing T’o Huan’s request for taking the route of our ਀挀漀甀渀琀爀礀㨀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀圀栀攀琀栀攀爀 戀礀 氀愀渀搀 漀爀 戀礀 眀愀琀攀爀Ⰰ 琀爀愀瘀攀氀椀渀最 昀爀漀洀 洀礀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀 琀漀 䌀栀愀洀瀀愀 椀猀  
not convenient</i>.” Upon receiving the letter, T’o Huan ordered Chao Tzŭ Ch’i ਀琀漀 爀攀瀀氀礀 琀漀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 一栀渀 吀渀最Ⰰ 爀攀焀甀攀猀琀椀渀最 栀椀洀 琀漀 漀瀀攀渀 琀栀攀 爀漀愀搀 愀渀搀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀  
provisions. He was, too, informed at the same time that Trần Hưng Đạo had ਀搀攀瀀氀漀礀攀搀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 戀漀爀搀攀爀⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀䤀渀 㰀椀㸀䄀渀 一愀渀 䌀栀甀愀渀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀夀甀愀渀 匀栀椀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 ㈀　㤀Ⰰ 瀀⸀㔀戀㄀㄀Ⰰ 愀氀氀  
of these facts are said to have occurred in the 2<sup>nd</sup> month of Chih ਀夀甀愀渀 ㈀㈀ ⠀㄀㈀㠀㔀⤀ 猀椀渀挀攀Ⰰ 愀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 㰀椀㸀倀攀渀 䌀栀椀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀夀甀愀渀 匀栀椀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 ㄀㌀ 瀀⸀㘀愀㔀Ⰰ  
T’o Huan’s troops marched into our country in the 12<sup>th</sup> month of Chih ਀夀甀愀渀 ㈀㄀⸀ 䤀琀 椀猀 洀漀爀攀 挀愀爀攀昀甀氀氀礀 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀䄀渀 一愀洀 䌀栀椀 䰀甀漀挀㰀⼀椀㸀 㐀Ⰰ 瀀⸀㔀㌀㨀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀伀渀  
the 21<sup>st</sup> of the 12<sup>th</sup> month the army reached the borderland ਀漀昀 䄀渀 一愀洀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ†吀栀椀猀 椀猀 焀甀椀琀攀 椀渀 愀挀挀漀爀搀愀渀挀攀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀挀挀漀甀渀琀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀䌀栀椀渀最 匀栀椀栀 吀愀  
Tien Tzŭ Lu </i>of <i>Yuan Wen Lei</i> 41, p.27a2-3: “<i>In the 10<sup>th</sup> ਀洀漀渀琀栀 漀昀 嬀䌀栀椀栀 夀甀愀渀崀 ㈀㄀Ⰰ 嬀漀甀爀崀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 爀攀愀挀栀攀搀 夀甀渀最 䌀栀漀甀⸀ 吀栀攀 䄀渀 一愀洀 嬀欀椀渀最崀  
ordered Hưng Đạo Vương to dispatch 20,000 men to their posts to halt [our] ਀欀椀渀最ᤀ猠 琀爀漀漀瀀猀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㈀㰀猀甀瀀㸀琀栀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀 洀漀渀琀栀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 搀攀昀攀愀琀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 昀爀漀渀琀椀攀爀  
pass Khả Ly</i>.”</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">Thus, it must be in the 10<sup>th</sup> month of Chih Yuan 21 ਀⠀㄀㈀㠀㐀⤀ 琀栀愀琀 吀ᤀ漠 䠀甀愀渀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 爀攀愀挀栀攀搀 夀甀渀最 䌀栀漀甀 漀昀 䠀甀 一愀渀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀Ⰰ 䄀 䰀椀 䠀愀椀  
Ya ordered Chao Tzŭ Ch’i to write a letter, requesting our emperor to “<i>open ਀琀栀攀 爀漀愀搀 愀渀搀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀攀 猀甀瀀瀀氀椀攀猀 琀漀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀 䌀栀渀 一愀渀 圀愀渀最㰀⼀椀㸀ᴀⰠ 愀猀 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀 
An Nan Chuan</i> of <i>Yuan Shih</i> 209, p.6a5-6. Also in the words of <i>An ਀一愀渀 䌀栀甀愀渀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀夀甀愀渀 匀栀椀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 ㈀　㤀Ⰰ 瀀⸀㘀愀㘀ⴀ㜀Ⰰ 甀瀀漀渀 爀攀愀挀栀椀渀最 夀甀渀最 䌀栀漀甀 漀昀 䬀眀愀渀最  
Hsi, T’o Huan learned that the Đại Việt General Điện Tiền Phạm Hải Nham had ਀搀攀瀀氀漀礀攀搀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 愀琀 䬀栀ꌀ„䰀愀渀Ⰰ 嘀椀 ကꄁ椞 吀爀⸞ 圀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀洀攀爀ᤀ猠 愀爀洀礀 爀攀愀挀栀攀搀 匀稀甀 䴀椀渀最  
of Kwang Chou, he sent a letter to Emperor Nhân Tông, repeating the same demands ਀猀攀琀 昀漀爀琀栀 椀渀 䄀 䰀椀 䠀愀椀 夀愀ᤀ猠 氀攀琀琀攀爀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀愀昀琀攀爀Ⰰ 栀攀 眀攀渀琀 漀渀 琀漀 洀漀瘀攀 栀椀猀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀  
into Lộc Châu of our country, that is, Lộc Bình District in what is now Lạng Sơn ਀倀爀漀瘀椀渀挀攀⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀吀栀攀爀攀Ⰰ 栀愀瘀椀渀最 栀攀愀爀搀 琀栀愀琀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 一栀渀 吀渀最 栀愀搀 搀椀猀瀀愀琀挀栀攀搀  
troops to the positions at the frontier passes Khâu Ôn and Khâu Cấp Lãnh, T’o ਀䠀甀愀渀 搀椀瘀椀搀攀搀 栀椀猀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 椀渀琀漀 琀眀漀 眀椀渀最猀⸀ 䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 㰀椀㸀䄀渀 一愀洀 䌀栀 䰀뀀挞㰀⼀椀㸀 㐀  
p.53, this took place on the 21<sup>st</sup>, Giáp Tý, of the 12<sup>th</sup> ਀洀漀渀琀栀 漀昀 䜀椀瀀 吀栀渀 ⠀椀⸀攀⸀ 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 ㈀㜀㰀猀甀瀀㸀琀栀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀Ⰰ ㄀㈀㠀㔀⤀㬀 琀栀攀 眀攀猀琀 眀椀渀最 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀搀  
by Wan Hu Po Lo Ho Ta Er (Bolqadar)<a name="_ftnref1" title href="#_ftn1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: CN-Times; vertical-align: baseline">[1]</span></span></a> ਀愀渀搀 䄀 匀栀渀 ⠀䄀琀猀椀渀⤀ 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀搀 搀漀眀渀 瘀椀愀 䬀栀甀 퐀渀 眀栀攀爀攀愀猀 琀栀攀 攀愀猀琀 眀椀渀最 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀搀 戀礀  
San Ta Er Tai (Tatartai) and Wan Hu Li Ping Hsien via Cấp Lãnh.</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">Even at that time, Emperor Nhân Tông kept on sending a letter ਀琀漀 吀ᤀ漠 䠀甀愀渀Ⰰ 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 戀礀 吀栀椀윀渞 吀爀甀渀最 ကꄁ椞 倀栀甀 一最甀礀씀渞 က挞 䐀뀀 愀渀搀 吀爀椀섀甞 吀栀준渞栀 䰀愀渀最  
Nguyễn Văn Hàn, demanding his army’s withdrawal with the emperor’s reference to ਀愀渀 攀搀椀挀琀 椀猀猀甀攀搀 戀礀 䬀甀戀氀愀椀 䬀栀愀渀 椀渀 ㄀㈀㘀㄀㨀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀漀爀搀攀爀椀渀最 漀甀爀 嬀夀甀愀渀崀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 渀漀琀 琀漀  
enter your [An Nam] territory,</i>” as recorded in <i>An Nan Chuan</i> of <i>਀夀甀愀渀 匀栀椀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 ㈀　㤀Ⰰ 瀀⸀㘀愀㤀ⴀ㄀　⸀ 䄀 䰀椀 䠀愀椀 夀愀 搀攀琀愀椀渀攀搀 一最甀礀씀渞 嘀̀渁 䠀渀 戀甀琀 愀氀氀漀眀攀搀  
Nguyễn Đức Dư to return with A Li, who carried a letter from him replying to the ਀攀洀瀀攀爀漀爀ᤀ猠 爀攀焀甀攀猀琀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀椀爀 眀椀琀栀搀爀愀眀愀氀㨀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀琀栀攀 爀攀愀猀漀渀 眀攀 氀愀甀渀挀栀 琀栀攀 挀愀洀瀀愀椀最渀 椀猀  
[to punish] Champa, not An Nam</i>.” Nevertheless, A Li could not approach our ਀挀漀甀爀琀 猀椀渀挀攀 漀渀 栀椀猀 愀爀爀椀瘀愀氀 愀琀 䌀ꔀ瀞 䈀ꌀ漞 䐀椀猀琀爀椀挀琀 栀攀 攀渀挀漀甀渀琀攀爀攀搀 漀甀爀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀  
commanded by Quản Quân Nguyễn Lộc, and then more troops deployed by Trần Hưng ਀ကꄁ漞 椀渀 䰀ﴀ 嘀椀氀氀愀最攀Ⰰ က漁ꌀ渞 䐀椀猀琀爀椀挀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 嘀ꄀ渞 䬀椀뼀瀞⸀ 䈀攀椀渀最 椀渀昀漀爀洀攀搀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀Ⰰ 䄀 䰀椀 䠀愀椀  
Ya ordered I Jun to investigate the situation of our troops to prepare his ਀愀琀琀愀挀欀⸀ 匀栀漀爀琀氀礀 琀栀攀爀攀愀昀琀攀爀Ⰰ 栀攀 眀愀猀 爀攀瀀漀爀琀攀搀 戀礀 匀愀渀 吀愀 䔀爀 吀愀椀Ⰰ 䰀椀甀 倀椀渀最 䠀猀椀攀渀 愀渀搀  
Tsun Yu that they had encountered our troops’ counterattacks at the frontier ਀瀀愀猀猀 䬀栀ꌀ„䰀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 昀愀挀琀 愀戀漀瘀攀 椀猀 琀愀欀攀渀 昀爀漀洀 㰀椀㸀䄀渀 一愀渀 䌀栀甀愀渀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀夀甀愀渀 匀栀椀栀㰀⼀椀㸀  
209 p.6a3-b2.</span></p>਀㰀栀㘀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CN-Times">The Battle of Nội Bàng</span></h6>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">In this battle, Tsun Yu captured our two officers, Quản Quân ਀倀栀渞最 一最„က휁„嘀⤀ 愀渀搀 က휁„䠀甞Ⰰ 愀渀搀 栀愀搀 琀栀攀洀 欀椀氀氀攀搀 氀愀琀攀爀⸀ 吀栀攀渀 栀攀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀搀 琀漀 က�渞最  
Bàng where Yuan troops had fought with our troops and killed our general Tần ਀匀洀⸀ 䄀昀琀攀爀眀愀爀搀猀 琀栀攀礀 洀漀瘀攀搀 琀漀 䈀椀뼀渞 吀爀切 嘀椀氀氀愀最攀 昀漀爀 愀 栀愀氀琀⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 㰀椀㸀က嘁匀䬀吀吀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 漀渀 琀栀攀 ㈀㘀㰀猀甀瀀㸀琀栀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀㈀㰀猀甀瀀㸀琀栀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀  
month “<i>the enemy’s forces attacked the frontier passes at Vĩnh Châu, Nội ਀䈀渀最Ⰰ 吀栀椀뼀琞 䰀뀀挞Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䌀栀椀 䰀̀渁最㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ†吀栀甀猀Ⰰ 愀昀琀攀爀 昀椀瘀攀 搀愀礀猀ᤀ†愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀 昀爀漀洀 䰀�挞  
Châu, the west wing of Po Lo Ho Ta Er together with T’o Huan’s great army ਀挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀氀礀 戀爀漀欀攀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 漀甀爀 氀椀渀攀 漀昀 搀攀昀攀渀猀攀Ⰰ 挀栀椀攀昀氀礀 昀漀爀洀攀搀 琀漀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀 吀栀̀渁最  
Long, by crossing our frontier passes in the north down to our plains in the ਀猀漀甀琀栀⸀ 䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 㰀椀㸀䄀渀 一愀渀 䌀栀甀愀渀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀夀甀愀渀 匀栀椀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 ㈀　㤀 瀀⸀㘀戀㔀Ⰰ 琀漀  
besiege and attack the frontier pass Nội Bàng, T’o Huan’s troops were divided ਀椀渀琀漀 猀椀砀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀搀猀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀倀攀渀 䌀栀椀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀夀甀愀渀 匀栀椀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 ㄀㌀Ⰰ  
p.6a5-6: “<i>That month, Chên Nan Wang’s troops marched into An Nan, killing ਀嬀琀栀攀椀爀崀 昀爀漀渀琀椀攀爀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 愀渀搀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀椀渀最 椀渀 猀椀砀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞 嘀뀀ꄁ渁最 漀昀 䄀渀  
Nam commanded his troops to counterattack</i>.”</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀䈀漀搀礀吀攀砀琀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CN-Times">Accordingly, it may be said ਀琀栀愀琀 琀栀椀猀 椀猀 愀 最爀攀愀琀 戀愀琀琀氀攀Ⰰ 椀昀 渀漀琀 愀 猀琀爀愀琀攀最椀挀愀氀氀礀 搀攀挀椀猀椀瘀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀⸀ 䘀漀爀Ⰰ 漀渀 漀甀爀  
part, the troops commanded by Quốc Công Tiết Chế Trần Hưng Đạo had suffered a ਀栀攀愀瘀礀 氀漀猀猀 眀椀琀栀 ကꄁ椞 䰀椀甀 䈀愀渀 က漁渀 吀栀愀椀 挀愀瀀琀甀爀攀搀 愀氀椀瘀攀⸀ 䰀愀琀攀爀Ⰰ 愀猀 椀琀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 猀攀攀渀  
below, Emperor Nhân Tông ordered Trần Hưng Đạo to mobilize troops from other ਀刀漀甀琀攀猀Ⰰ 漀昀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 漀昀 瀀爀椀渀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 吀爀꜀渞 䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞ᤀ猠 猀漀渀 洀漀甀渀琀攀搀 琀漀 渀攀愀爀氀礀  
200,000. Further, the fact that Trần Hưng Đạo had withdrawn his troops urgently ਀愀渀搀 猀甀搀搀攀渀氀礀 猀栀漀眀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 猀甀搀搀攀渀 搀攀昀攀愀琀 漀渀 琀栀攀 一漀椀 䈀愀渀最 昀爀漀渀琀 猀攀攀洀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀  
beyond his own planning.</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">In <i>ĐVSKTT</i> 5, p.45a4-b1, the withdrawal of our troops ਀椀猀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 最爀愀瀀栀椀挀愀氀氀礀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 搀攀琀愀椀氀 漀昀 吀„吀뀀�渞最 夀뼀琞 䬀椀甀ᤀ猠 眀愀椀琀椀渀最  
for Trần Hưng Đạo at Bãi Tân: “<i>Earlier, Hưng Đạo Vương had two servants ਀挀愀氀氀攀搀 䐀 吀뀀渞最 愀渀搀 夀뼀琞 䬀椀甀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 眀攀爀攀 瘀攀爀礀 眀攀氀氀 琀爀攀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 栀椀洀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 夀甀愀渀  
troops came, Yết Kiêu posted boats at Bãi Tân whereas Dã Tượng followed Trần ਀䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞⸀ 圀栀攀渀 漀甀爀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 眀攀爀攀 搀攀昀攀愀琀攀搀Ⰰ 愀氀氀 戀漀愀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 猀挀愀琀琀攀爀攀搀⸀ 嬀䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞崀  
Vương was about to retreat along the way in the foothills when Dã Tượng said, ਀᠀椠昀 栀攀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 猀攀攀 礀漀甀 礀攀琀Ⰰ 猀甀爀攀氀礀 夀뼀琞 䬀椀甀 眀椀氀氀 渀漀琀 洀漀瘀攀 栀椀猀 戀漀愀琀猀 琀漀 愀渀礀眀栀攀爀攀  
else.’ [Hưng Đạo] Vương followed him to Bãi Tân, where remained Yết Kiêu’s boats ਀愀氀漀渀攀⸀ 匀漀 瀀氀攀愀猀攀搀Ⰰ 嘀뀀ꄁ渁最 猀愀椀搀Ⰰ ᠀䤠琀 椀猀 搀甀攀 琀漀 椀琀猀 猀椀砀 猀琀爀漀渀最 戀漀渀攀猀 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀椀渀最  
wings that the Great Bird can fly high. Without them, it remains merely an ਀漀爀搀椀渀愀爀礀 戀椀爀搀⸀ᤀ†䄀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀猀攀 眀漀爀搀猀Ⰰ 栀攀 栀愀搀 栀椀猀 戀漀愀琀猀 栀愀渀搀氀攀搀 愀眀愀礀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀  
enemy’s pursuit. Reaching Vạn Kiếp, he deployed troops to defend Bắc Giang</i>.” ਀吀栀椀猀 猀栀漀眀猀 挀氀攀愀爀氀礀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 昀爀漀渀琀 漀昀 一�椞 䈀渀最 眀愀猀 戀爀漀欀攀渀 椀渀 愀渀 攀砀琀爀攀洀攀氀礀  
unfavorable situation, even seemingly unexpected not only to the direct ਀挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀爀Ⰰ 吀爀꜀渞 䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞Ⰰ 戀甀琀 愀氀猀漀 琀漀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 一栀渀 吀渀最Ⰰ 琀栀攀 氀攀愀搀攀爀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀  
commander-in-chief of our war of resistance at that time.</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">This situation may be seen through the fact that Emperor Nhân ਀吀渀最Ⰰ 戀攀椀渀最 椀渀昀漀爀洀攀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀椀最栀琀椀渀最 愀琀 一�椞 䈀渀最Ⰰ 最愀瘀攀 甀瀀 栀椀猀 戀爀攀愀欀昀愀猀琀Ⰰ 琀愀欀椀渀最  
boat all day toward Hải Đông to confer with Trần Hưng Đạo, as recorded in <i>਀က嘁匀䬀吀吀㰀⼀椀㸀㨀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀吀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 欀椀渀最 眀愀猀 猀攀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀 氀椀最栀琀 戀漀愀琀Ⰰ 琀爀愀瘀攀氀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 刀漀甀琀攀  
of Hải Đông. It was, then, nearly at twilight but the king had not had his ਀戀爀攀愀欀昀愀猀琀 礀攀琀⸀ 䄀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 猀漀氀搀椀攀爀 戀爀漀甀最栀琀 愀 洀攀愀氀 眀椀琀栀 爀椀挀攀 漀昀 戀愀搀 焀甀愀氀椀琀礀 昀漀爀 栀椀洀⸀  
The king praised him to be loyal, giving him the title of ‘superior rank’ and ਀琀栀攀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 吀椀쌀甞 吀뀀 愀琀 琀栀攀 氀漀挀愀氀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 漀昀 䠀甞 吀爀椀섀甞 䴀渀 椀渀 䈀ꄀ挞栀 က넁渞最㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ† 
Obviously, the fact that Emperor Nhân Tông gave up his breakfast to hurry to Hải ਀က渀最 戀礀 戀漀愀琀 猀栀漀眀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 昀爀漀渀琀 琀栀攀爀攀 瀀氀愀礀攀搀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 爀漀氀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀  
strategy of defense of the Trần Dynasty at that time.</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">It may be said that through the fact above Emperor Nhân Tông ਀愀渀搀 吀爀꜀渞 䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞ᤀ猠 瀀爀椀洀愀爀礀 瀀氀愀渀 漀昀 昀椀最栀琀椀渀最 猀攀攀洀攀搀 琀漀 搀椀猀瀀愀琀挀栀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 漀昀  
defense to the positions right on the frontier of our country, a plan quite in ਀愀挀挀漀爀搀愀渀挀攀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 琀愀挀琀椀挀猀 䰀ﴀ 吀栀뀀�渞最 䬀椀윀琞 栀愀搀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 洀漀爀攀 琀栀愀渀 ㈀　　 礀攀愀爀猀  
earlier. Indeed, the defeat on the Nội Bàng front required that Emperor Nhân ਀吀渀最 愀渀搀 吀爀꜀渞 䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞 猀栀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 渀攀眀 猀琀爀愀琀攀最礀 椀渀 瀀氀愀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 漀氀搀 漀渀攀猀 椀渀  
facing the enemy. This must have been the reason why the emperor himself had to ਀挀漀渀昀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 吀爀꜀渞 䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞 猀漀 甀爀最攀渀琀氀礀 椀渀 䠀ꌀ椞 က渀最⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀圀栀愀琀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 一栀渀 吀渀最 愀渀搀 吀爀꜀渞 䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀  
brief conference is not known today; yet, in the words of <i>ĐVSKTT</i> 5 ਀瀀瀀⸀㐀㐀戀㜀ⴀ㐀㔀愀㐀Ⰰ 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 琀栀攀椀爀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀椀漀渀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞 嘀뀀ꄁ渁最 眀愀猀 漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 琀漀  
mobilize troops and militiamen of the Routes in Hải Đông, selecting strong men ਀愀猀 瘀漀氀甀渀琀攀攀爀猀 昀漀爀 挀爀漀猀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀攀愀 搀漀眀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀漀甀琀栀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀椀琀甀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 漀甀爀 愀爀洀礀  
became rather favorable. Hearing of this, our troops gathered from everywhere. ਀吀栀攀 欀椀渀最 眀爀漀琀攀 愀 瀀漀攀洀 漀渀 栀椀猀 戀漀眀猀㨀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀椀㸀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀吀栀攀 昀漀爀洀攀爀 攀瘀攀渀琀 漀昀 䌀턀椞 䬀 礀漀甀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 爀攀洀攀洀戀攀爀㬀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀椀㸀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀䤀渀 䠀漀愀渀 섀椀 爀攀洀愀椀渀 漀渀攀 栀甀渀搀爀攀搀 琀栀漀甀猀愀渀搀 漀昀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀椀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀椀㸀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀唀渀搀攀爀 吀爀꜀渞 䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞ᤀ猠 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀Ⰰ 䠀뀀渁最 嘀椀 嘀뀀ꄁ渁最 一最栀椀씀渞Ⰰ 䴀椀渀栀  
Hiến Vương Uất, Hưng Nhượng Vương Tảng, Hưng Trí Vương Hiện concentrated troops ਀昀爀漀洀 䈀넀渞最 䠀Ⰰ 一愀 匀꜀洞Ⰰ 吀爀 䠀뀀ꄁ渁最Ⰰ 夀渀 匀椀渀栀Ⰰ 䰀漀渀最 一栀Ⰰ 琀漀琀愀氀氀礀 ㈀　　⸀　　　 洀攀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀  
moving to Vạn Kiếp to fight against the Yuan army</span></i><span lang="EN-US">.”</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">Thus, there really occurred some change in our army’s ਀猀琀爀愀琀攀最椀挀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 眀漀甀氀搀 琀栀攀渀 戀攀 洀愀渀椀昀攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 一栀渀 吀渀最ᤀ猠 愀爀琀 漀昀  
leading the war. Today, this measure is generally designated by military ਀琀栀攀漀爀椀猀琀猀 愀猀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀猀琀爀愀琀攀最椀挀 眀椀琀栀搀爀愀眀愀氀 愀渀搀 猀琀爀愀琀攀最椀挀 挀漀甀渀琀攀爀愀琀琀愀挀欀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ†吀栀攀  
urgent conference between Emperor Nhân Tông and Trần Hưng Đạo shortly after our ਀搀攀昀攀愀琀 漀渀 琀栀攀 昀爀漀渀琀 漀昀 一�椞 䈀渀最 瀀漀椀渀琀猀 漀甀琀 猀漀洀攀 戀爀椀氀氀椀愀渀琀 爀攀昀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀  
military aspect not only of Trần Hưng Đạo but also of Emperor Nhân Tông, who was ਀愀挀琀椀渀最 愀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀爀ⴀ椀渀ⴀ挀栀椀攀昀 漀昀 漀甀爀 愀爀洀攀搀 昀漀爀挀攀猀 愀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 吀栀愀琀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀  
Nhân Tông suffered hunger all day to reach Trần Hưng Đạo’s position for ਀挀漀渀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 猀栀漀眀猀 栀漀眀 瀀攀爀椀氀漀甀猀 琀栀攀 猀椀琀甀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 漀甀爀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀渀⸀ 䘀甀爀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 椀琀  
points out how closely and seriously the emperor observed the situation of our ਀愀爀洀礀ᤀ猠 昀椀最栀琀椀渀最 猀漀 愀猀 琀漀 爀攀猀漀氀瘀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 猀瀀漀琀 眀栀愀琀猀漀攀瘀攀爀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀 挀爀攀愀琀攀搀 戀礀  
complicated and dangerous changes in various situations. That he mobilized ਀琀爀漀漀瀀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 刀漀甀琀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 瀀爀椀渀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 渀漀戀氀攀猀 琀漀 嘀ꄀ渞 䬀椀뼀瀞 眀愀猀 愀 琀礀瀀椀挀愀氀  
fact. The two lines of verse mentioned above indicated that Emperor Nhân Tông ਀眀愀猀 甀渀挀攀愀猀椀渀最氀礀 猀攀攀欀椀渀最 琀漀 氀攀渀搀 攀渀挀漀甀爀愀最攀洀攀渀琀 琀漀 吀爀꜀渞 䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀  
generals. “<i>The former event of Cối Kê</i>” refers to a historical fact in the ਀漀氀搀 搀愀礀猀 眀栀攀渀 䬀漀甀 䌀栀椀攀渀Ⰰ 栀攀愀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 夀ﰀ攀栀 猀琀愀琀攀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 搀攀昀攀愀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 挀愀瀀琀甀爀攀搀 戀礀  
Fou Ts’ai, head of the Wu state, but the former, having suffered a great deal of ਀栀愀爀搀猀栀椀瀀 愀渀搀 栀甀洀椀氀椀琀礀Ⰰ 攀瘀攀渀琀甀愀氀氀礀 爀漀猀攀 琀漀 最愀椀渀 愀 瘀椀挀琀漀爀礀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀琀攀爀⸀ 䤀琀  
should be noticed that the defeat on the Nội Bàng front was such a great loss to ਀漀甀爀 愀爀洀礀 琀栀愀琀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀ⴀ䘀愀琀栀攀爀 吀爀꜀渞 吀栀渀栀 吀渀最 攀瘀攀爀 愀猀欀攀搀 吀爀꜀渞 儀甀턀挞 吀甀ꔀ渞Ⰰ 琀栀攀  
general who was directly commanding our troops on the front, whether our army ਀猀栀漀甀氀搀 猀甀爀爀攀渀搀攀爀 椀渀 猀甀挀栀 愀 猀椀琀甀愀琀椀漀渀㬀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 琀愀氀攀渀琀攀搀 猀琀爀愀琀攀最椀猀琀 爀攀瀀氀椀攀搀㨀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀夀漀甀爀  
Majesty should first cut my head and then surrender</i>”, as in the words of <i>਀က嘁匀䬀吀吀㰀⼀椀㸀 㘀 瀀⸀㄀㄀戀⸀ 吀栀攀 昀椀最甀爀攀 ᠀㈠　　Ⰰ　　　 洀攀渀ᤀⰠ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 猀栀漀眀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀挀攀 漀昀  
our army remained perfectly preserved. With such a strong army, in addition to ਀栀椀猀 甀渀挀攀愀猀椀渀最 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀 琀漀 洀愀椀渀琀愀椀渀 琀栀攀 漀昀昀椀挀攀爀猀ᤀ†洀漀爀愀氀攀 椀渀 琀攀爀洀猀 漀昀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀琀栀攀  
former event of Cối Kê</i>”, Emperor Nhân Tông kept on encouraging them through ਀栀椀猀 愀渀渀漀甀渀挀攀洀攀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 漀渀攀 栀甀渀搀爀攀搀 琀栀漀甀猀愀渀搀 洀攀渀 眀攀爀攀 戀攀椀渀最 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 䠀漀愀渀  
Ái for reinforcement. Indeed, according to <i>An Nan Chuan</i> of <i>Yuan Shih</i> ਀㈀　㤀 瀀⸀㘀戀㘀Ⰰ 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 漀昀 一�椞 䈀渀最 琀栀攀 攀渀攀洀礀 愀搀洀椀琀琀攀搀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞 嘀뀀ꄁ渁最  
was commanding more than 1000 warships deployed ten miles far from Vạn Kiếp</i>.”</span></p>਀㰀栀㘀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CN-Times">The Battle of Vạn Kiếp</span></h6>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">T’o Huan’s attack on Nội Bàng on the 26<sup>th</sup> of the ਀㄀㈀㰀猀甀瀀㸀琀栀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀 洀漀渀琀栀 漀昀 䜀椀瀀 吀栀渀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 椀猀 搀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 ㈀㜀㰀猀甀瀀㸀琀栀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀䄀渀  
Nam Chí Lược</i>, must have lasted for several days. Thus, the year of Giáp Thân ਀眀愀猀 挀漀洀椀渀最 琀漀 愀渀 攀渀搀㬀 琀栀愀琀 椀猀 琀漀 猀愀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 最爀攀愀琀攀猀琀 昀攀猀琀椀瘀愀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 礀攀愀爀 眀愀猀  
waiting for the whole people of Đại Việt. Yet, all that they were preparing for ਀琀栀攀 氀漀渀最攀猀琀 愀渀搀 洀漀猀琀 攀砀椀琀椀渀最 栀漀氀椀搀愀礀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 礀攀愀爀 眀愀猀 眀攀愀瀀漀渀猀Ⰰ 瀀爀漀瘀椀猀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀Ⰰ  
above all, their unyielding spirit. The battle of Nội Bàng ended and Trần Hưng ਀ကꄁ漞 爀攀琀爀攀愀琀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 嘀ꄀ渞 䬀椀뼀瀞Ⰰ 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀渀最 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 刀漀甀琀攀猀 琀漀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀攀 昀漀爀  
the coming battle. <i>ĐVSKTT</i> 5 p.45b2-3 says: “<i>On the 6<sup>th</sup> of ਀琀栀攀 ㄀㰀猀甀瀀㸀猀琀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀 洀漀渀琀栀 漀昀 ꐀ琞 䐀관甞Ⰰ 椀⸀攀⸀ 琀栀攀 猀瀀爀椀渀最 漀昀 吀栀椀윀甞 䈀ꌀ漞 琀栀攀 匀攀瘀攀渀琀栀  
(1285), Wu Ma Er of the Yuan army attacked Vạn Kiếp and Mount Phả Lại. Hưng Đạo ਀嘀뀀ꄁ渁最 漀昀 䄀渀 一愀洀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 眀愀猀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀椀渀最 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 漀昀 搀攀昀攀渀猀攀 椀渀 嘀ꄀ渞 䬀椀뼀瀞Ⰰ 昀漀甀最栀琀  
against him. Wan Hu I Jun was killed at Lưu Thôn</i>.”</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">According to <i>An Nan Chuan</i> of <i>Yuan Shih</i> 209 ਀瀀⸀㘀戀㘀ⴀ㜀Ⰰ 吀ᤀ漠 䠀甀愀渀 栀愀搀 戀甀椀氀琀 昀愀挀琀漀爀椀攀猀 昀漀爀 洀愀欀椀渀最 眀愀爀猀栀椀瀀猀 愀渀搀 漀爀最愀渀椀稀攀搀 渀愀瘀愀氀  
troops, who were commanded by Wu Ma Er to launch a major attack on Vạn Kiếp. On ਀琀栀攀椀爀 眀愀礀 漀昀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 瀀椀挀欀攀搀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 一栀渀 吀渀最ᤀ猠 琀眀漀 氀攀琀琀攀爀猀 猀攀渀琀 琀漀 吀ᤀ漠  
Huan and A Li Hai Ya with respect to his request that they should observe Kublai ਀䬀栀愀渀ᤀ猠 漀爀搀攀爀 椀猀猀甀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 礀攀愀爀 漀昀 䌀栀甀渀最 吀甀渀最 ㈀ ⠀㄀㈀㘀㄀⤀ 愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 栀愀搀 琀漀  
withdraw their troops. Afterwards, A Li Hai Ya wrote a letter to Emperor Nhân ਀吀渀最Ⰰ 爀攀焀甀攀猀琀椀渀最 栀椀洀 琀漀 漀瀀攀渀 琀栀攀 爀漀愀搀 昀漀爀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀琀栀攀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 嬀夀甀愀渀紀 挀漀甀爀琀 琀漀  
fight Champa</i>.” The letter was carried to Vạn Kiếp by our detained messenger, ਀一最甀礀씀渞 嘀̀渁 䠀渀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 栀愀搀 樀甀猀琀 戀攀攀渀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 夀甀愀渀 愀爀洀礀⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀䔀瘀攀渀 愀琀 琀栀愀琀 洀漀洀攀渀琀 䄀 䰀椀 䠀愀椀 夀愀 眀攀渀琀 漀渀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀 椀洀瀀甀搀攀渀琀  
words as recorded in <i>An Nan Chuan</i> of <i>Yuan Shih</i> 209, pp.6b11-7a3: “<i>Leading ਀琀爀漀漀瀀猀 琀漀 昀椀最栀琀 䌀栀愀洀瀀愀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 嬀夀甀愀渀崀 挀漀甀爀琀 栀愀猀 爀攀瀀攀愀琀攀搀氀礀 猀攀渀琀 氀攀琀琀攀爀猀 琀漀 礀漀甀Ⰰ  
asking for opening the road and preparing supplies. It is sufficiently ਀猀甀爀瀀爀椀猀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 礀漀甀 栀愀瘀攀 漀瀀瀀漀猀攀搀 琀栀攀 漀爀搀攀爀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 挀漀甀爀琀Ⰰ 氀攀琀琀椀渀最 䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞  
Vương command troops to fight against and cause losses for our army. To let the ਀瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 漀昀 䄀渀 一愀洀 猀甀昀昀攀爀 搀椀猀愀猀琀攀爀猀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀 礀漀甀爀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀ᤀ猠 昀愀甀氀琀⸀ 一漀眀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀愀琀  
Army is crossing your country to fight Champa. His Majesty gives orders for you ਀琀漀 琀栀椀渀欀 猀攀爀椀漀甀猀氀礀⸀ 夀漀甀爀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀 栀愀猀 氀漀渀最 戀攀攀渀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀 嬀琀漀 琀栀攀 椀洀瀀攀爀椀愀氀 挀漀甀爀琀崀㬀  
you should think of His Majesty’s great mercy to open the road immediately and ਀愀搀瘀椀猀攀 琀栀攀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 琀栀攀椀爀 氀椀瘀椀渀最 愀猀 戀攀昀漀爀攀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 漀甀爀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 瀀愀猀猀 戀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀  
will not be anything harmful. You should go out receiving Chên Nan Wang, ਀搀椀猀挀甀猀猀椀渀最 洀椀氀椀琀愀爀礀 愀昀昀愀椀爀猀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀洀⸀ 伀琀栀攀爀眀椀猀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䜀爀攀愀琀 䄀爀洀礀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀  
quartered and establish their bases in An Nam</i>.”</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">On the part of Đại Việt, as has been mentioned above, Emperor ਀一栀渀 吀渀最 愀渀搀 吀爀꜀渞 䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞 漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 刀漀甀琀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 渀漀爀琀栀攀愀猀琀 猀甀挀栀  
as Hải Đông, Vân Trà, Ba Điểm, and other places, Bàng Hà, Na Sầm, Trà Hương, Yên ਀匀椀渀栀Ⰰ 䰀漀渀最 一栀渀 琀漀 戀攀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀攀搀 愀琀 嘀ꄀ渞 䬀椀뼀瀞 愀渀搀 䴀漀甀渀琀 倀栀ꌀ„䰀ꄀ椞⸀ 䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀  
Section “Sơn Xuyên” of <i>An Nam Chí Nguyên</i> 1 p.42, Mount Phả Lại is “<i>situated ਀椀渀 吀„匀ꄀ渁 䐀椀猀琀爀椀挀琀Ⰰ 昀愀挀椀渀最 䈀渀栀 吀栀愀渀Ⰰ 攀洀戀爀愀挀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 氀攀昀琀 戀礀 琀栀攀 一栀뀀 一最甀礀윀琞  
River and on the right by the Ô Cách. It is a magnificent landscape of the ਀爀攀最椀漀渀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ†䌀漀渀挀攀爀渀椀渀最 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 一栀渀 吀渀最Ⰰ 栀攀 栀椀洀猀攀氀昀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 吀栀渀栀 䐀挞  
army of more than 1000 men to help Trần Hưng Đạo counterattack, as recorded in਀㰀椀㸀䄀渀 一愀渀 䌀栀甀愀渀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀夀甀愀渀 匀栀椀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 ㈀　㤀Ⰰ 瀀⸀㜀愀㌀ⴀ㐀⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀吀栀甀猀Ⰰ 愀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 㰀椀㸀倀攀渀 挀栀椀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀夀甀愀渀 匀栀椀栀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 戀礀 琀栀攀  
festival of Ất Dậu New Year Wu Ma Er had ordered a decisive blow on our base in ਀嘀ꄀ渞 䬀椀뼀瀞Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 愀 昀椀攀爀挀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 漀挀挀甀爀爀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 夀甀愀渀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 圀愀渀  
Hu I Jun at Lưu Thôn. This is in accordance with an account in <i>An Nan Chuan</i> ਀漀昀 㰀椀㸀夀甀愀渀 匀栀椀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 ㈀　㤀 瀀⸀㘀戀㔀ⴀ㘀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 椀琀 猀愀礀猀㨀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞 嘀뀀ꄁ渁最 昀氀攀搀㬀 嬀漀甀爀崀  
mandarins and men pursued him to Vạn kiếp, attacking and destroying [their hold ਀愀琀崀 琀栀攀 昀爀漀渀琀椀攀爀 瀀愀猀猀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ㰠⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<h6 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 䌀一ⴀ吀椀洀攀猀∀㸀吀栀攀 䈀愀琀琀氀攀 漀昀 䈀渀栀 吀栀愀渀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀栀㘀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 㰀椀㸀䄀渀 一愀洀 䌀栀 䰀뀀挞㰀⼀椀㸀 㐀 瀀⸀㔀㐀Ⰰ 漀渀 琀栀攀 㤀㰀猀甀瀀㸀琀栀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀Ⰰ  
Nham Ngo, of the 1<sup>st</sup> month Emperor Nhân Tông “<i>commanded 100,000 ਀琀爀漀漀瀀猀 椀渀 愀 最爀攀愀琀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 愀琀 䈀椀 吀栀愀渀⸀ 夀甀愀渀 匀栀甀愀椀 圀甀 䴀愀 䔀爀Ⰰ 一愀 䠀愀椀 ⠀一愀焀愀椀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀  
Tsun Lin Tê destroyed all the boats they had captured before</i>.” Concerning ਀琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 搀愀礀 㰀椀㸀倀攀渀 䌀栀椀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀夀甀愀渀 匀栀椀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 ㄀㌀ 瀀⸀㜀愀㠀ⴀ㤀 猀愀礀猀㨀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀圀甀 䴀愀 䔀爀  
with his troops encountered Hưng Đạo Vương’s troops of An Nam and defeated them</i>”, ਀眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀挀攀⸀ 䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最氀礀Ⰰ 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀最栀琀椀渀最 愀琀 䈀椀 吀栀愀渀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀搀  
by Emperor Nhân Tông there were surely one thousand warships Trần Hưng Đạo had ਀搀攀瀀氀漀礀攀搀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀攀渀 洀椀氀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 嘀ꄀ渞 䬀椀뼀瀞 愀猀 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀 愀戀漀瘀攀 戀礀 㰀椀㸀夀甀愀渀 匀栀椀栀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀䠀攀爀攀Ⰰ 䈀椀 吀栀愀渀 椀猀 渀漀琀栀椀渀最 漀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 䈀渀栀 吀栀愀渀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 椀渀 愀  
passage on the Bình Than River <i>An Nam Chí Nguyên</i> 1, pp.46-47, says: “<i>[The ਀爀椀瘀攀爀崀 渀愀洀攀搀 䈀椀 吀栀愀渀 漀爀 䈀渀栀 吀栀愀渀 椀猀 椀渀 䌀栀 䰀椀渀栀 䐀椀猀琀爀椀挀琀⸀ 䤀琀 昀氀漀眀猀 昀爀漀洀 堀뀀ꄁ渁最  
Giang to [its confluence with] the Thị Cầu River, where they incorporate into ਀攀愀挀栀 漀琀栀攀爀 琀漀 昀氀漀眀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 䴀漀甀渀琀 䌀栀 䰀椀渀栀 愀渀搀 䴀漀甀渀琀 倀栀ꌀ„䰀ꄀ椞Ⰰ 眀椀渀搀椀渀最 猀漀 瘀愀猀琀氀礀  
that it is hard to see its border. At the mouth of the Đỗ Mộ River, it is ਀搀椀瘀椀搀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 琀眀漀 戀爀愀渀挀栀攀猀 昀氀漀眀椀渀最 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 猀攀愀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ†䤀渀 琀栀椀猀 焀甀漀琀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 䈀椀 吀栀愀渀  
is transliterated according to Manuscript B cited by Gaspardone in <i>Kao I</i> ਀漀渀 瀀愀最攀 㐀㜀⸀㰀愀 渀愀洀攀㴀∀开昀琀渀爀攀昀㈀∀ 琀椀琀氀攀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀开昀琀渀㈀∀㸀㰀猀瀀愀渀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀䘀漀漀琀渀漀琀攀刀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀∀㸀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ猀椀稀攀㨀 ㄀㈀⸀　瀀琀㬀 昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 䌀一ⴀ吀椀洀攀猀㬀 瘀攀爀琀椀挀愀氀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀 戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀㸀嬀㈀崀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<h6 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 䌀一ⴀ吀椀洀攀猀∀㸀吀栀攀 䈀愀琀琀氀攀 漀昀 吀栀̀渁最 䰀漀渀最㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀栀㘀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀䘀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀猀 愀琀 嘀ꄀ渞 䬀椀뼀瀞Ⰰ 倀栀ꌀ„䰀ꄀ椞 愀渀搀 䈀渀栀 吀栀愀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀  
enemy went on to attack Vũ Ninh and Đông Ngạn and then advanced down to Gia Lâm. ਀䴀攀愀渀眀栀椀氀攀Ⰰ 漀甀爀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 眀攀爀攀 挀漀洀瀀攀氀氀攀搀 琀漀 爀攀琀爀攀愀琀 椀渀琀漀 吀栀̀渁最 䰀漀渀最 愀氀漀渀最 琀栀攀 吀栀椀渀  
Đức River, where occurred some small combats. In the words of <i>ĐVSKTT</i> 5 ਀瀀⸀㐀㔀戀㌀ⴀ㔀㨀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀伀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㈀㰀猀甀瀀㸀琀栀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀 搀愀礀 琀栀攀 攀渀攀洀礀 愀琀琀愀挀欀攀搀 䜀椀愀 䰀洀Ⰰ 嘀椀 一椀渀栀Ⰰ  
Đông Ngạn. Seeing the two words ‘sát thát’਀㰀愀 渀愀洀攀㴀∀开昀琀渀爀攀昀㌀∀ 琀椀琀氀攀 栀爀攀昀㴀∀⌀开昀琀渀㌀∀㸀㰀猀瀀愀渀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀䘀漀漀琀渀漀琀攀刀攀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀∀㸀㰀戀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: CN-Times; vertical-align: baseline">਀嬀㌀崀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀戀㸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀愀㸀 椀渀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 愀爀洀猀 漀昀 漀甀爀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 琀栀攀礀 栀愀搀 挀愀瀀琀甀爀攀搀Ⰰ  
they got so angry that they killed a large number of them. Then they advanced ਀椀渀琀漀 က渀最 䈀�„က꜁甞 愀渀搀 攀爀攀挀琀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 戀椀最 昀氀愀最 琀栀攀爀攀⸀ 嬀伀甀爀崀 䬀椀渀最 眀愀渀琀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀  
informed precisely of the enemy’s situation but he did not yet know who could ਀甀渀搀攀爀琀愀欀攀 椀琀⸀ 刀攀愀氀椀稀椀渀最 栀椀猀 椀渀琀攀渀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 䌀栀椀 䠀꜀甞 䌀挞 吀栀„က휁„䬀栀꼀挞 䌀栀甀渀最 猀琀攀瀀瀀攀搀  
forward, saying: ‘Though humble and untalented, I would like to go.’ The King ਀眀愀猀 瘀攀爀礀 瀀氀攀愀猀攀搀Ⰰ 猀愀礀椀渀最㨀 ᠀丠漀 漀渀攀 搀愀爀攀猀 琀漀 猀愀礀 琀栀愀琀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀 栀漀爀猀攀猀 瀀甀氀氀椀渀最  
carts of salt there would not be any swift and excellent ones.</i>’ <i>Then ਀䌀栀甀渀最 氀攀昀琀Ⰰ 琀愀欀椀渀最 琀栀攀 氀攀琀琀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀洀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ㰠⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀䤀渀 㰀椀㸀夀甀愀渀 匀栀椀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 ㄀㌀ 瀀⸀㜀愀㤀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 搀愀礀 挀椀琀攀搀 愀戀漀瘀攀 椀猀 搀愀琀攀搀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀ꐀ琞  
Dậu, when An Nam Thế Tử Trần Nhật Huyên commanded more than 1000 warships to ਀挀漀甀渀琀攀爀愀琀琀愀挀欀⸀ 伀渀 琀栀攀 搀愀礀 䈀渀栀 吀甀ꔀ琞Ⰰ 嬀漀甀爀 愀爀洀礀崀 昀漀甀最栀琀 眀椀琀栀 嬀䄀渀 一愀洀崀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 愀渀搀  
destroyed them totally. Nhật Huyên ran away. [Our army] marched into his citadel ਀愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 眀攀渀琀 漀甀琀Ⰰ 焀甀愀爀琀攀爀攀搀 渀漀爀琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 倀栀切 䰀뀀ꄁ渁最 刀椀瘀攀爀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ†䤀渀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀搀猀 漀昀 
<i>An Nam Chí Lược</i> 54: “<i>On the 13<sup>th</sup> day, Bính Tuất, Thế Tử ਀栀攀氀搀 嬀琀栀攀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 漀渀崀 琀栀攀 䰀 刀椀瘀攀爀 戀甀琀 猀漀漀渀 氀攀昀琀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 椀琀 眀愀猀 戀爀漀欀攀渀⸀ 䌀栀渀  
Nan Wang’s troops crossed the river, entering the citadel and holding a party ਀琀栀攀爀攀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀ᴀ†吀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 椀猀 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀䌀栀椀渀最 匀栀椀栀 吀愀 吀椀攀渀 吀稀洀 䰀甀㰀⼀椀㸀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀夀甀愀渀  
Wen Lei</i> 41, p.27a4-56: “<i>Mandarins and troops reached the Phú Lương River. ਀一栀관琞 䠀甀礀渀 栀椀洀猀攀氀昀 昀漀甀最栀琀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀洀⸀ 䐀攀昀攀愀琀攀搀Ⰰ 栀攀 氀攀昀琀 栀椀猀 挀椀琀愀搀攀氀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀  
Thiên Trường Prefecture. Mandarins and troops entered the capital.</i>”</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">In <i>An Nan Chuan</i> of <i>Yuan Shih</i> 209, p.7a4, the ਀戀愀琀琀氀攀 椀猀 瘀攀爀礀 挀氀攀愀爀氀礀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀㨀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀䄀挀挀漀洀瀀愀渀椀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 洀愀渀搀愀爀椀渀猀 漀昀 䠀猀椀渀  
Shêng, Chên Nan Wang himself reached Đông Ngạn to command troops to fight the ਀嬀䄀渀 一愀洀崀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀⸀ 嬀圀攀崀 欀椀氀氀攀搀 愀 氀愀爀最攀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 洀攀渀 愀渀搀 挀愀瀀琀甀爀攀搀 琀眀攀渀琀礀 戀漀愀琀猀⸀  
Hưng Đạo Vương was defeated and ran away. Mandarins and troops built a bridge of ਀挀漀渀渀攀挀琀攀搀 爀愀昀琀猀 琀漀 氀愀渀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 渀漀爀琀栀 戀愀渀欀 漀昀 琀栀攀 倀栀切 䰀뀀ꄁ渁最 刀椀瘀攀爀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 栀愀搀  
existed their troops and boats and wood barriers along the river. Seeing [our] ਀洀愀渀搀愀爀椀渀猀 愀渀搀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 昀椀爀攀搀 挀愀渀渀漀渀猀Ⰰ 猀栀漀甀琀攀搀 氀漀甀搀氀礀 愀渀搀 挀栀愀氀氀攀渀最攀搀 琀漀  
fight. In the afternoon, Nguyễn Phụng Ngự was ordered to carry a letter to Chên ਀一愀渀 圀愀渀最 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 漀昀昀椀挀椀愀氀 漀昀 䠀猀椀渀 匀栀渀最Ⰰ 愀猀欀椀渀最 昀漀爀 漀甀爀 最爀攀愀琀 愀爀洀礀ᤀ猠 眀椀琀栀搀爀愀眀愀氀⸀  
The official of Hsin Shêng wrote a letter of blame and then ordered troops to ਀愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀⸀ 一栀관琞 䠀甀礀渀 昀氀攀搀 漀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀愀瀀椀琀愀氀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 猀漀漀渀 漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 一最甀礀씀渞 䠀椀윀甞 一栀甀윀„ 
to come with his letter of excuse and some local gifts, asking for [our] ਀眀椀琀栀搀爀愀眀愀氀⸀ 吀栀攀 漀昀昀椀挀椀愀氀 漀昀 䠀猀椀渀 匀栀渀最 猀攀渀琀 栀椀洀 愀 氀攀琀琀攀爀Ⰰ 瀀攀爀猀甀愀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 嬀䄀渀  
Nan] army to surrender. Then he commanded troops to cross the river and halted ਀渀攀愀爀 琀栀攀 䄀渀 一愀渀 挀愀瀀椀琀愀氀⸀ 吀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 搀愀礀Ⰰ 䌀栀渀 一愀渀 圀愀渀最 攀渀琀攀爀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀愀瀀椀琀愀氀⸀  
The palaces were deserted; there remained some decrees and some letters from our ਀䠀猀椀渀 匀栀渀最Ⰰ 愀氀氀 戀攀椀渀最 琀漀爀渀 椀渀琀漀 瀀椀攀挀攀猀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ㰠⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀䘀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 愀挀挀漀甀渀琀 愀戀漀瘀攀Ⰰ 眀攀 洀愀礀 愀挀焀甀椀爀攀 猀漀洀攀 猀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀渀琀  
remarks. First, though it was a great battle on water in which was involved an ਀愀爀洀礀 漀昀 洀漀爀攀 琀栀愀渀 ㄀　　Ⰰ　　　 洀攀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 漀昀 䈀渀栀 吀栀愀渀 椀渀 攀猀猀攀渀挀攀 眀愀猀 爀攀愀氀氀礀 漀昀  
a ‘mobile warfare’, that is, fighting for retreating and attracting the enemy ਀椀渀琀漀 琀爀愀瀀⸀ 䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最氀礀Ⰰ 眀栀攀渀 吀ᤀ漠 䠀甀愀渀 漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 栀椀猀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 琀漀 挀漀渀渀攀挀琀 爀愀昀琀猀 琀漀  
make a bridge across the Thiện Đức River, now known as the Đuống River, on their ਀眀愀礀 琀漀眀愀爀搀 琀栀攀 倀栀切 䰀뀀ꄁ渁最 刀椀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 椀⸀攀⸀ 琀栀攀 刀攀搀 刀椀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 一栀渀 吀渀最 漀渀挀攀 愀最愀椀渀  
ordered to “<i>fire cannons, shout loudly and challenge to fight</i>” when he ਀眀愀猀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀氀礀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀椀渀最 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 漀昀 吀栀̀渁最 䰀漀渀最⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀匀攀挀漀渀搀氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀 挀栀愀氀氀攀渀最椀渀最 琀栀攀 攀渀攀洀礀 琀漀 昀椀最栀琀Ⰰ 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 一栀渀  
Tông kept on establishing some corridor of relationship with the enemy for the ਀瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀 漀昀 挀愀爀爀礀椀渀最 漀甀琀 栀椀猀 琀愀挀琀椀挀愀氀 椀渀琀攀渀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 昀愀琀栀漀洀椀渀最 琀栀攀 攀渀攀洀礀ᤀ猠  
situation. In <i>Yuan Shih</i>, the people having such names as Nguyễn Phụng Ngự ਀愀渀搀 一最甀礀씀渞 䠀椀윀甞 一栀甀윀„愀爀攀 猀愀椀搀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 一栀渀 吀渀最ᤀ猠 氀攀琀琀攀爀猀 琀漀 吀ᤀ漠  
Huan but in reality they are not found in our history books. Instead, in <i>਀က嘁匀䬀吀吀㰀⼀椀㸀 㔀 漀渀氀礀 琀栀攀 渀愀洀攀 က휁„䬀栀꼀挞 䌀栀甀渀最 椀猀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀吀栀椀爀搀氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 爀攀愀猀漀渀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 一栀渀 吀渀最 挀漀甀氀搀 栀愀瘀攀 猀甀挀栀 愀渀  
active relationship with the enemy is that he had been capable of maintaining ਀栀椀猀 攀渀琀椀爀攀 愀爀洀攀搀 昀漀爀挀攀猀 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 漀昀 䈀渀栀 吀栀愀渀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀愀昀琀攀爀Ⰰ 栀攀  
concentrated all troops in Thăng long to prepare for a strategic retreat into ਀吀栀椀渀 吀爀뀀�渞最Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 栀攀 挀漀甀氀搀 搀攀昀攀渀搀 漀甀爀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀攀洀礀ᤀ猠 愀琀琀愀挀欀 椀渀  
three directions, that is, the armies commanded by T’o Huan and A Li Hai Ya in ਀琀栀攀 渀漀爀琀栀ⴀ攀愀猀琀Ⰰ 戀礀 一愀 匀甀 䰀愀 吀椀渀最 ⠀一愀猀椀爀 甀搀 䐀椀渀⤀ 椀渀 琀栀攀 渀漀爀琀栀ⴀ眀攀猀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀  
particularly by So Tu in the south.</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">It was on the 14<sup>th</sup> of the 1<sup>st</sup> month of ਀ꐀ琞 䐀관甞 ⠀㄀㈀㠀㔀⤀Ⰰ 眀栀攀渀 吀ᤀ漠 䠀甀愀渀 攀渀琀攀爀攀搀 漀甀爀 挀椀琀愀搀攀氀 琀漀 栀漀氀搀 愀 瀀愀爀琀礀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀 猀琀愀昀昀  
and then retreated to halt north of the Red River, that “<i>So Tu, T’ang Wu Tai ਀⠀吀愀渀最甀琀愀椀⤀ ☀†洀漀瘀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 琀漀 樀漀椀渀 眀椀琀栀 䌀栀渀 一愀渀 圀愀渀最㰀⼀椀㸀ᴀⰠ 愀猀 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀 椀渀 
<i>Pen Chi</i> of <i>Yuan Shih</i> 13, p.7a10-11. T’ang Wu Tai was the general ਀眀栀漀洀 吀ᤀ漠 䠀甀愀渀Ⰰ 眀栀攀渀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀椀渀最 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 琀漀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 琀漀 最漀 琀漀 䌀栀愀洀瀀愀 眀椀琀栀  
the task of telling So Tu to retreat his troops for a concentration of fighting ਀昀漀爀挀攀猀Ⰰ 愀猀 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀䄀渀 一愀渀 䌀栀甀愀渀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀夀甀愀渀 匀栀椀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 ㈀　㤀Ⰰ 瀀⸀㔀戀㄀㈀ⴀ㄀㌀㨀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀漀爀搀攀爀椀渀最  
Tso Chêng T’ang Wu Tai to go to Champa by post-horses, informing So Tu of the ਀搀愀琀攀 漀昀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀渀最 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 愀爀洀攀搀 昀漀爀挀攀猀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ†䤀渀 爀攀愀氀椀琀礀Ⰰ 愀猀 椀琀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 猀攀攀渀  
later, So Tu’s troops could not move to the position of concentration in time; ਀愀渀搀 漀渀氀礀 琀栀攀 洀愀樀漀爀 愀爀洀礀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀搀 戀礀 吀ᤀ漠 䠀甀愀渀 挀漀甀氀搀 最愀琀栀攀爀 椀渀 吀栀̀渁最 䰀漀渀最 琀漀  
suffer the thundering counteroffensives by the troops and militiamen of Đại Việt ਀椀渀 琀栀攀 琀爀椀甀洀瀀栀愀渀琀 瘀椀挀琀漀爀椀攀猀 椀渀 䌀栀뀀ꄁ渁最 䐀뀀ꄁ渁最Ⰰ 吀礀 䬀뼀琞Ⰰ 䠀洀 吀⸞㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀䈀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 愀戀漀瘀攀ⴀ洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 瘀椀挀琀漀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 漀甀爀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀  
Yuan army, T’o Huan, in his headquarters in Thăng Long, on the one hand, “<i>ordered ਀圀愀渀 䠀甀 䰀椀 倀椀渀最 䠀猀椀攀渀 愀渀搀 䰀椀甀 匀栀椀栀 夀椀渀最 琀漀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 琀漀 漀瀀攀渀 愀 爀漀甀琀攀 昀爀漀洀  
Yung P’ing into An Nam. Along the route within each 30 miles they set up a camp ਀愀渀搀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 攀愀挀栀 㘀　 洀椀氀攀猀 愀 猀琀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 ㌀　　 洀攀渀 眀攀爀攀 爀攀最甀氀愀爀氀礀 瀀漀猀琀攀搀 琀漀 栀漀氀搀  
and patrol. He also ordered Shih Ying to establish posts to handle camps and ਀猀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀㰀⼀椀㸀ᴀⰠ 愀猀 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀䄀渀 一愀渀 䌀栀甀愀渀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀夀甀愀渀 匀栀椀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 ㈀　㤀Ⰰ  
p.7b7-9. It was one of their measures to secure the areas occupied by them but ਀昀爀攀焀甀攀渀琀氀礀 栀愀爀愀猀猀攀搀 戀礀 漀甀爀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀伀渀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 栀愀渀搀Ⰰ 愀氀猀漀 椀渀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀搀猀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀䄀渀 一愀渀 䌀栀甀愀渀㰀⼀椀㸀  
of <i>Yuan Shih</i> 209 p.7b9-10, T’o Huan ordered “<i>Yu Chêng Kuan Ch’ê ਀⠀䬀渀Āäk) to command Wan Hu Mang Ku Tai (Manquadai) and Po Lo Ho Ta Er by land ਀愀渀搀 䰀椀 吀猀漀 䌀栀渀最 琀漀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀 圀甀 䴀愀 䔀爀 倀愀 吀甀 ⠀伀洀愀爀 戀愀ᤀ愠琀甀爀⤀ 戀礀 眀愀琀攀爀㰀⼀椀㸀ᴀ†琀漀  
pursue our troops’ withdrawal and and attack our positions along the Red River ਀愀渀搀 琀栀攀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 眀栀漀 眀攀爀攀 栀漀氀搀椀渀最 吀栀椀渀 吀爀뀀�渞最 猀漀甀琀栀 漀昀 吀栀̀渁最 䰀漀渀最⸀ 吀栀甀猀Ⰰ 椀琀 眀愀猀  
on the bank of Thiên Mạc that the first battle broke out.</span></p>਀㰀栀㘀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CN-Times">The Battle of Đà Mạc</span></h6>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">Đà Mạc or Thiên Mạc, which was later named Mạn Trù, is a bank ਀漀昀 氀愀渀搀 愀氀漀渀最 琀栀攀 刀攀搀 刀椀瘀攀爀 椀渀 眀栀愀琀 椀猀 渀漀眀 䠀뀀渁最 夀渀 倀爀漀瘀椀渀挀攀⸀ 㰀椀㸀䬀栀洀 က쬁渞栀 嘀椀윀琞  
Sử Thông Giám Cương Mục</i> 6 p.42a3-4 says: “<i>The Thiên Mạc River is the ਀氀漀眀攀爀 倀栀切 䰀뀀ꄁ渁最 愀琀 䈀愀渀欀 䴀ꄀ渞 吀爀豈 椀渀 က渀最 夀渀 䐀椀猀琀爀椀挀琀 漀昀 䠀뀀渁最 夀渀 倀爀漀瘀椀渀挀攀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ† 
There, our army set up a stronghold commanded by Trần Bình Trọng. According to਀㰀椀㸀䄀渀 一愀洀 䌀栀 䰀뀀挞㰀⼀椀㸀 㐀 瀀⸀㔀㐀Ⰰ ᰀ㰠椀㸀伀渀 琀栀攀 ㈀㄀㰀猀甀瀀㸀猀琀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀Ⰰ 一栀洀 吀栀渀Ⰰ 嬀琀栀攀 夀甀愀渀  
troops] swept through the Thiên Hán frontier pass, cutting down General Bảo ਀一最栀⤀愁 䠀꜀甞㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ†䤀渀 爀攀愀氀椀琀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 一栀洀 吀栀渀 搀愀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀㰀猀甀瀀㸀猀琀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀 洀漀渀琀栀 漀昀 ꐀ琞  
Dậu must be the 19<sup>th</sup> and not the 21<sup>st</sup>. Certainly the ਀渀甀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㤀 眀愀猀 洀椀猀琀愀欀攀渀 昀漀爀 ㈀㄀ 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 瘀攀爀礀 攀愀猀礀 琀漀 戀攀 昀愀氀猀攀氀礀 挀漀瀀椀攀搀⸀  
Regarding the name Thiên Hán, obviously the character <i>Hán</i> (漢) is the ਀洀椀猀琀愀欀攀渀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀 㰀椀㸀䴀ꄀ挞㰀⼀椀㸀 ⠀ ⥯ 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀 漀昀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀  
forms.</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">In <i>An Nan Chuan</i> of <i>Yuan Shih</i> 209, p.7b10, the ਀搀愀琀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 椀猀 渀漀琀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 戀甀琀 椀琀 栀愀猀 愀渀 愀挀挀漀甀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀  
capture of Kiến Đức Hầu Trần Trọng by the Yuan army. In <i>Ching Shih Ta Tien ਀吀稀洀 䰀甀 㰀⼀椀㸀漀昀 㰀椀㸀夀甀愀渀 圀攀渀 䰀攀椀㰀⼀椀㸀 㐀㄀Ⰰ 瀀⸀㈀㜀愀㘀ⴀ㜀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀愀挀琀 吀爀꜀渞 吀爀촀渞最 眀愀猀 挀愀瀀琀甀爀攀搀  
is, too, recorded but dated after the battles of A Lỗ and Thiên Trường and ਀戀攀昀漀爀攀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 一栀渀 吀渀最ᤀ猠 爀攀琀爀攀愀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 洀漀甀琀栀 漀昀 䜀椀愀漀 吀栀礞⸀ 䄀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀洀Ⰰ 琀栀攀  
information taken from <i>An Nam Chí Lược</i> is relatively correct because Lê ਀匀挞 眀爀漀琀攀 搀漀眀渀 眀栀愀琀 栀攀 挀漀甀氀搀 洀漀爀攀 漀爀 氀攀猀猀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀椀瀀愀琀攀 愀渀搀 欀渀漀眀⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀吀爀꜀渞 吀爀촀渞最Ⰰ 栀攀爀攀Ⰰ 洀甀猀琀 戀攀 琀栀攀 渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 栀攀爀漀 吀爀꜀渞 䈀渀栀 吀爀촀渞最  
in <i>ĐVSKTT</i>. A single difference is that his title was Bảo Nghĩa Hầu ਀椀渀猀琀攀愀搀 漀昀 䬀椀뼀渞 က挞 䠀꜀甞 愀猀 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀 椀渀 䌀栀椀渀攀猀攀 愀挀挀漀甀渀琀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 琀椀琀氀攀 䬀椀뼀渞 က挞 䠀꜀甞  
might have been given to Trần Bình Trọng when he was alive whereas Bảo Nghĩa Hầu ਀眀愀猀 栀椀猀 瀀漀猀琀栀甀洀漀甀猀 琀椀琀氀攀Ⰰ 挀漀渀昀攀爀爀攀搀 漀渀 栀椀洀 琀漀 瀀爀愀椀猀攀 愀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀ᤀ猠 戀爀愀瘀攀爀礀 愀渀搀  
consistency in the face of the enemy’s persuasion, which is clearly discussed ਀戀攀氀漀眀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀က嘁匀䬀吀吀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 吀栀愀琀 㰀椀㸀䄀渀 一愀洀 䌀栀 䰀뀀挞㰀⼀椀㸀 㐀 瀀⸀㔀㐀 栀愀猀 愀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀  
account concerning the fact above from that in <i>Yuan Shih</i> originates from ਀琀栀攀 昀愀挀琀 琀栀愀琀 䰀 匀挞Ⰰ 眀栀漀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀渀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 䌀栀뀀ꄁ渁最 䠀椀뼀渞 䠀꜀甞 吀爀꜀渞 䬀椀윀渞 椀渀  
Vietnam when Trần Bình Trọng was killed and then given the title, could know ਀瘀攀爀礀 挀氀攀愀爀氀礀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀琀攀爀ᤀ猠 挀栀愀渀最攀 漀昀 琀椀琀氀攀⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀伀渀 琀栀攀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 夀甀愀渀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀椀爀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 椀猀  
nowhere mentioned. Yet, in Vietnamese history books a hero of ours in this ਀戀愀琀琀氀攀 眀愀猀 挀氀攀愀爀氀礀 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀搀猀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀က嘁匀䬀吀吀㰀⼀椀㸀㨀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀䈀ꌀ漞 一最栀⤀愁 嘀뀀ꄁ渁最  
Trần Bình Trọng (who, a descendant of Lê Đại Hành, was the later husband of ਀倀爀椀渀挀攀猀猀 吀栀礞 䈀ꌀ漞 愀渀搀 眀栀漀猀攀 昀愀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 愀渀 漀昀昀椀挀椀愀氀 甀渀搀攀爀 吀栀椀 吀渀最ᤀ猠 爀攀椀最渀Ⰰ 眀愀猀  
given the ‘national surname’ Trần) died on behalf of his fighting against the ਀攀渀攀洀礀 漀渀 琀栀攀 戀愀渀欀 漀昀 က 䴀ꄀ挞 ⠀渀愀洀攀氀礀Ⰰ 吀栀椀渀 䴀ꄀ挞Ⰰ 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀ⴀ搀愀礀 䴀ꄀ渞 吀爀豈⤀⸀ 圀栀攀渀  
captured, he refused eating. When asked by the enemy about our national affairs, ਀栀攀 爀攀昀甀猀攀搀 愀渀猀眀攀爀椀渀最⸀ 䄀猀欀攀搀 ᠀圠漀甀氀搀 礀漀甀 氀椀欀攀 琀漀 眀漀爀欀 愀猀 愀 ᠀瘠뀀ꄁ渁最ᤀ 
<a name="_ftnref4" title href="#_ftn4"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b>਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ猀椀稀攀㨀 ㄀㈀⸀　瀀琀㬀 昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 䌀一ⴀ吀椀洀攀猀㬀 瘀攀爀琀椀挀愀氀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀 戀愀猀攀氀椀渀攀∀㸀 
[4]</span></b></span></a> in the Northern Land?’, he shouted loudly, ‘I would ਀爀愀琀栀攀爀 戀攀挀漀洀攀 愀 搀攀洀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 匀漀甀琀栀攀爀渀 䌀漀甀渀琀爀礀 琀栀愀渀 愀 瘀뀀ꄁ渁最 椀渀 琀栀攀 一漀爀琀栀攀爀渀  
Land.’ Thereafter, he was killed.</i>”</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">The fundamental difference is that in <i>ĐVSKTT</i> the ਀戀愀琀琀氀攀 漀昀 က 䴀ꄀ挞 愀渀搀 吀爀꜀渞 䈀渀栀 吀爀촀渞最ᤀ猠 栀攀爀漀椀挀 搀攀愀琀栀 愀爀攀 搀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 ㈀㰀猀甀瀀㸀渀搀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀  
month of Ất Dậu, that is, after the surrenders of Chương Kiến Hầu Trần Kiện and ਀䰀 匀挞Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀愀猀 愀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 䰀 匀挞 栀椀洀猀攀氀昀 椀琀 椀猀 琀栀攀 一栀洀 吀栀渀 搀愀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀㰀猀甀瀀㸀猀琀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀  
month of Ất Dậu. In this case, Lê Sực’s information appears to be more reliable ਀椀昀 椀琀 椀猀 戀愀猀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀甀爀猀攀 漀昀 洀椀氀椀琀愀爀礀 猀椀琀甀愀琀椀漀渀 愀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 䘀甀爀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 栀攀 眀愀猀  
contemporary with Trần Bình Trọng and directly joined in some military ਀愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀椀攀猀 愀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 䄀渀漀琀栀攀爀 爀攀愀猀漀渀 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 爀攀愀氀氀礀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀礀 昀漀爀  
him to change the date of the Yuan attack on our base at Đà Mạc.</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">Finally, as it has been said before, that Trần Bình Trọng’s ਀搀攀愀琀栀 漀挀挀甀爀爀攀搀 愀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 䰀 匀挞ᤀ猠 猀甀爀爀攀渀搀攀爀Ⰰ 愀瀀瀀爀漀砀椀洀愀琀攀氀礀 洀漀爀攀 漀爀 氀攀猀猀  
than a month, surely had a great impact on the latter. Indeed, according to <i>਀䬀栀洀 က쬁渞栀 嘀椀윀琞 匀„吀栀渀最 䜀椀洀 䌀뀀ꄁ渁最 䴀挞㰀⼀椀㸀 㜀 瀀⸀㌀㘀戀㈀Ⰰ 漀渀 栀攀愀爀椀渀最 漀昀 吀爀꜀渞 䈀渀栀  
Trọng’s death Emperor Nhân Tông cried so sorrowfully. This points out that the ਀搀攀愀琀栀 漀昀 吀爀꜀渞 䈀渀栀 吀爀촀渞最 攀砀攀爀琀攀搀 愀 猀琀爀漀渀最 椀洀瀀愀挀琀 漀渀 琀栀攀 氀攀愀搀椀渀最 最爀漀甀瀀 漀昀 漀甀爀  
country at that time. The title Bảo Nghĩa Hầu might have been conferred by ਀䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 一栀渀 吀渀最 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀 漀昀 瀀爀愀椀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 甀渀礀椀攀氀搀椀渀最 猀瀀椀爀椀琀 漀昀 愀 栀攀爀漀 椀渀  
a period when the emperor realized that there began to appear around him those ਀眀栀漀 挀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 洀愀椀渀琀愀椀渀 猀漀洀攀 洀甀琀甀愀氀 愀昀昀攀挀琀椀漀渀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 欀椀渀最 愀渀搀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀猀Ⰰ 猀漀洀攀  
loyalty to king and nation so that they might be ready to defect to the enemy at ਀愀渀礀 琀椀洀攀⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀䴀漀爀攀漀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 挀漀渀挀攀爀渀椀渀最 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 漀昀 က 䴀ꄀ挞 眀栀愀琀 椀猀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀  
in <i>ĐVSKTT</i> was chiefly cited from <i>Đại Việt Sử Ký Tục Biên</i> of Phan ਀倀栀甀 吀椀渀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 挀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 栀愀瘀攀 猀甀挀栀 昀愀瘀漀爀愀戀氀攀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀 愀猀 漀琀栀攀爀 栀椀猀琀漀爀椀愀渀猀 眀栀攀渀  
he was writing his own book. For that was the time when our country was ਀搀漀洀椀渀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䴀椀渀最 昀漀爀 渀攀愀爀氀礀 琀眀攀渀琀礀 礀攀愀爀猀 愀渀搀 甀渀搀攀爀眀攀渀琀 洀愀渀礀 椀渀琀攀渀猀攀 眀愀爀猀 漀昀  
liberation led by our patriots such as Trần Trùng Quang, Nguyễn Biểu, Phạm Ngọc, ਀䰀 䰀椞⸀ 䴀漀猀琀 漀昀 栀椀猀琀漀爀椀挀愀氀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀昀漀爀攀Ⰰ 洀甀猀琀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 挀漀渀昀椀猀挀愀琀攀搀 漀爀  
destroyed by the enemy, especially those recorded by Quốc Sử Quán of the Trần ਀䐀礀渀愀猀琀礀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 眀攀Ⰰ 琀漀搀愀礀Ⰰ 挀愀渀渀漀琀 欀渀漀眀 攀砀愀挀琀氀礀 眀栀攀琀栀攀爀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 栀椀搀搀攀渀  
according to Hồ Quý Ly’s plan or not. The most typical example is that the two ਀眀愀爀猀 漀昀 ㄀㈀㠀㔀 愀渀搀 ㄀㈀㠀㠀 眀攀爀攀 爀攀愀氀氀礀 琀栀攀 最爀攀愀琀 眀愀爀猀 漀昀 搀攀昀攀渀猀攀 戀甀琀 琀栀攀礀 愀爀攀  
described very plainly in <i>ĐVSKTT</i>, let alone some points to be found ਀挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀氀礀 昀愀氀猀攀⸀ 䘀漀爀 琀栀愀琀 爀攀愀猀漀渀 椀琀 洀椀最栀琀 渀漀琀 戀攀 猀甀爀瀀爀椀猀椀渀最 昀漀爀 爀攀愀搀攀爀猀 愀琀 愀氀氀  
to face the above-mentioned differences.</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">In summary, the battle of Đà Mạc was not actually great. Yet, ਀琀栀爀漀甀最栀 椀琀 眀攀 挀愀渀 猀攀攀 渀漀琀 漀渀氀礀 琀栀攀 栀攀爀漀椀挀Ⰰ 甀渀礀椀攀氀搀椀渀最 挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀爀  
Trần Bình Trọng but also our people’s resolution of defeating the enemy in a ਀洀漀猀琀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 漀昀 漀甀爀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 搀甀攀 琀漀 猀甀挀栀 挀漀甀爀愀最攀漀甀猀 愀渀搀  
strenuous people that the later victories in the battles of Hàm Tử, Chương ਀䐀뀀ꄁ渁最Ⰰ 吀礀 䬀뼀琞Ⰰ 攀琀挀⸀ 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 最愀椀渀攀搀⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<h6 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 䌀一ⴀ吀椀洀攀猀∀㸀吀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 漀昀 䄀 䰀휀㰞⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀栀㘀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 㰀椀㸀䄀渀 一愀洀 䌀栀 䰀뀀挞㰀⼀椀㸀 㐀 瀀⸀㔀㐀Ⰰ 猀甀戀猀攀焀甀攀渀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀  
battle of Đà Mạc, in which Kiến Đức Hầu Trần Trọng was captured, “<i>Thế Tử ਀眀椀琀栀搀爀攀眀 栀椀猀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 琀漀 搀攀昀攀渀搀 琀栀攀 昀爀漀渀琀椀攀爀 瀀愀猀猀 䠀ꌀ椞 吀栀쬀Ⱎ 漀爀搀攀爀椀渀最 琀漀 猀攀琀 甀瀀  
poles for building a dam of defense on the west bank. Mandarins and troops ਀猀琀漀爀洀攀搀 琀栀攀洀 眀椀琀栀 椀渀琀攀爀猀攀挀琀椀渀最 愀爀爀漀眀猀 猀栀漀琀 昀爀漀洀 戀漀琀栀 愀戀漀瘀攀 愀渀搀 戀攀氀漀眀㬀 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀  
broken down completely</i>.” <i>Ching Shih Ta Tien Tzŭ Lu</i> in <i>Yuan Wen Lei</i> ਀㐀㄀Ⰰ 瀀⸀㈀㜀愀㘀Ⰰ 猀愀礀猀㨀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀嬀伀甀爀崀 䜀爀攀愀琀 䄀爀洀礀 瀀甀爀猀甀攀搀 一栀관琞 䠀甀礀渀 漀渀 琀栀攀 爀椀瘀攀爀猀 漀昀 䄀 䰀휀„ 
and Đức Cương</i>.” Based on these two reports, the names Hải Thị and A Lỗ ਀漀戀瘀椀漀甀猀氀礀 爀攀昀攀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 瀀氀愀挀攀⸀ 倀愀爀琀椀挀甀氀愀爀氀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀搀猀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀䄀渀 一愀渀 䌀栀椀栀  
Yuan</i> 1 p.47: “<i>The Hải Triều River in Khoái Châu is a tributary of the Hà ਀䰀휀„刀椀瘀攀爀㬀 椀琀猀 甀瀀瀀攀爀 猀琀爀攀愀洀 椀猀 挀漀渀渀攀挀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 一最촀挞 䌀栀甀 刀椀瘀攀爀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ†䠀攀爀攀Ⰰ 䠀  
Lỗ is no doubt the A Lỗ River just mentioned in <i>Ching Shih Ta Tien Tzŭ Lu</i>. ਀䌀漀渀挀攀爀渀椀渀最 䬀栀漀椀 䌀栀甀Ⰰ 椀琀 眀愀猀 氀漀挀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀ⴀ搀愀礀 䠀뀀渁最 夀渀 倀爀漀瘀椀渀挀攀⸀ 䄀渀搀 က  
Mạc, i.e. Thiên Mạc, is said in <i>Khâm Định Việt Sử Thông Giám Cương Mục</i> 6, ਀瀀⸀㐀㈀愀㌀ⴀ㐀Ⰰ 琀漀 戀攀 猀椀琀甀愀琀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 氀漀眀攀爀 刀攀搀 刀椀瘀攀爀 椀渀 䠀뀀渁最 夀渀 倀爀漀瘀椀渀挀攀⸀ 吀栀甀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀  
two bases of Đà Mạc and A Lỗ were close to each other. This might be the group ਀漀昀 戀愀猀攀猀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 昀漀爀 搀攀昀攀渀搀椀渀最 吀栀椀渀 吀爀뀀�渞最⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀圀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 搀攀琀愀椀氀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀椀渀琀攀爀猀攀挀琀椀渀最 愀爀爀漀眀猀 猀栀漀琀 昀爀漀洀 戀漀琀栀 愀戀漀瘀攀  
and below</i>”, it is evident that the enemy’s two-pronged attack, on land and ਀漀渀 眀愀琀攀爀Ⰰ 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀搀 戀礀 䬀ᤀ甠愀渀 䌀栀ᤀ 愀渀搀 䰀椀 䠀渀最 眀愀猀 愀椀洀攀搀 愀琀 瀀甀爀猀甀椀渀最 琀栀攀 最爀攀愀琀  
army of Emperor Nhân Tông and storming into our base at A Lỗ after occupying Đà ਀䴀ꄀ挞⸀ 伀渀挀攀 洀漀爀攀Ⰰ 椀琀 眀愀猀 愀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 琀栀愀琀 挀愀甀猀攀搀 最爀攀愀琀 氀漀猀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 攀渀攀洀礀 愀渀搀 搀爀攀眀  
them into the trap planned beforehand in our army’s tactics.</span></p>਀㰀栀㘀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CN-Times">The Battle of Đại Hoàng</span></h6>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">According to <i>An Nam Chí Lược</i> 4 p.54, following their ਀瘀椀挀琀漀爀礀 愀琀 䄀 䰀휀Ⱎ ᰀ㰠椀㸀漀渀 琀栀攀 ㌀㰀猀甀瀀㸀爀搀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀Ⰰ က椁渀栀 吀Ⱎ 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㈀㰀猀甀瀀㸀渀搀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀  
month, Chên Nan Wang broke Thế Tử’s troops on the Đại Hoàng River</i>.” It was ਀琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀椀洀攀 吀ᤀ漠 䠀甀愀渀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀爀攀愀 渀攀愀爀 吀栀椀渀 吀爀뀀�渞最⸀ 吀栀攀 ကꄁ椞 䠀漀渀最  
River, according to <i>An Nam Chí Nguyên</i> 1 p.42, is “<i>located in Lý Nhân ਀倀爀攀昀攀挀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 椀琀猀 甀瀀瀀攀爀 猀琀爀攀愀洀 椀猀 挀漀渀渀攀挀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䰀 刀椀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 椀琀猀 氀漀眀攀爀  
stream with the GiaoThủy or Phụng Hóa Prefecture</i>.” In <i>Khâm Định Việt Sử ਀吀栀渀最 䜀椀洀 䌀뀀ꄁ渁最 䴀挞㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 愀 渀漀琀攀 漀渀 ᰀ䠠漀渀最 䜀椀愀渀最ᴀ†猀愀礀猀㨀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀吀栀攀 䠀漀渀最 刀椀瘀攀爀 椀猀  
in Nam Xương District, its upper stream connected with the Thiên Mạc River, its ਀氀漀眀攀爀 猀琀爀攀愀洀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䜀椀愀漀 吀栀礞 刀椀瘀攀爀⸀㰀⼀椀㸀ᴀ†吀栀甀猀Ⰰ 搀甀攀 琀漀 椀琀猀 挀漀渀渀攀挀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀  
Thiên Mạc, Đại Hoàng or Hoàng Giang is one in a series of positions south of ਀吀栀̀渁最 䰀漀渀最 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 琀漀 搀攀昀攀渀搀 吀栀椀渀 吀爀뀀�渞最⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀吀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 琀栀愀琀 漀挀挀甀爀爀攀搀 琀栀攀爀攀 洀甀猀琀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 攀砀琀爀攀洀攀氀礀  
intense; for T’o Huan himself moved his great army down from Thăng Long to ਀瀀甀爀猀甀攀 漀甀爀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 栀愀搀 愀氀猀漀 戀攀攀渀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀攀搀 愀琀 ကꄁ椞 䠀漀渀最 愀渀搀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀搀 渀漀琀  
only by Emperor Nhân Tông but also by other generals such as Trần Hưng Đạo, Trần ਀儀甀愀渀最 䬀栀ꌀ椞⸀ 伀渀 琀栀攀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 漀甀爀 愀爀洀礀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 椀琀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 爀攀愀氀氀礀 愀  
counteroffensive but an enemy-exhausting combat for the purpose of keeping our ਀琀爀漀漀瀀猀ᤀ†眀椀琀栀搀爀愀眀愀氀 猀愀昀攀⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<h6 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀昀漀渀琀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 䌀一ⴀ吀椀洀攀猀∀㸀吀栀攀 䴀椀氀椀琀愀爀礀 匀椀琀甀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 吀栀̀渁最  
Long after Our Army’s Withdrawal</span></h6>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">The battles of A Lỗ and Đại Hoàng are not mentioned in <i>਀က嘁匀䬀吀吀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 挀漀渀挀攀爀渀椀渀最 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 漀昀 က 䴀ꄀ挞 㰀椀㸀က嘁匀䬀吀吀㰀⼀椀㸀 㔀 瀀⸀㐀㜀愀㔀ⴀ㘀 猀愀礀猀㨀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀吀栀攀  
enemy’s forces were so violent that the two kings<a name="_ftnref5" title href="#_ftn5"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: CN-Times; vertical-align: baseline">[5]</span></b></span></a> ਀栀愀搀 琀漀 爀攀琀爀攀愀琀 椀渀琀漀 吀愀洀 吀爀⤀ 一最甀礀渀 椀渀 愀 猀洀愀氀氀 猀栀椀瀀Ⰰ 漀爀搀攀爀椀渀最 琀漀 搀爀椀瘀攀 椀琀 琀漀 一最촀挞  
Sơn to deceive the enemy</i>.” In reality, our troops in that situation were not ਀猀漀 搀攀洀漀爀愀氀椀稀攀搀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 琀眀漀 欀椀渀最猀 渀漀琀 猀漀 椀猀漀氀愀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 栀愀搀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 猀甀挀栀  
seemingly frightened actions. <i>Yuan Shih</i> 13 p.8b8-10 says: “<i>On the Bính ਀吀ﴀ 搀愀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㌀㰀猀甀瀀㸀爀搀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀 洀漀渀琀栀Ⰰ 䠀甀 一愀渀 䌀栀愀渀 䌀栀ᤀ渀最 䠀猀椀渀 匀栀渀最 爀攀焀甀攀猀琀攀搀 昀漀爀  
more men. Then, Trần Nhật Huyên had fled to Thiên Trường and Trường Yên, ਀漀爀搀攀爀椀渀最 栀椀猀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 琀漀 戀攀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀攀搀 愀最愀椀渀⸀ 䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞 嘀뀀ꄁ渁最 最愀琀栀攀爀攀搀 洀漀爀攀 琀栀愀渀  
one thousand warships at Vạn Kiếp whereas Nguyễn Lộc’s troops were deployed at ਀嘀⤀渁栀 䈀渀栀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 洀攀愀渀琀椀洀攀Ⰰ 搀甀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 氀漀渀最 洀愀爀挀栀 漀昀 昀椀最栀琀椀渀最 昀漀爀 愀 氀漀渀最 琀椀洀攀Ⰰ  
our mandarins and troops, who were like being “loosely hung” between them, had ਀琀漀 愀猀欀 昀漀爀 洀漀爀攀 洀攀渀 猀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 漀昀 匀漀 吀甀 愀渀搀 吀ᤀ愠渀最 圀甀 吀愀椀 挀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 挀漀洀攀 椀渀  
time. The reinforcement, by order of King, had to move by land since it would ਀渀漀琀 戀攀 猀愀昀攀 琀漀 洀漀瘀攀 戀礀 眀愀琀攀爀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ㰠⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最氀礀Ⰰ 愀昀琀攀爀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 一栀渀 吀渀最 眀椀琀栀搀爀攀眀 昀爀漀洀 吀栀̀渁最 䰀漀渀最  
and ordered troops to be concentrated at Thiên Trường and Trường Yên, the enemy ਀昀攀氀氀 椀渀琀漀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 猀椀琀甀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 琀栀攀洀猀攀氀瘀攀猀 瀀爀漀昀攀猀猀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀  
being loosely hung in a thick net with which the troops of Đại Việt would cover ਀琀栀攀洀 愀琀 愀渀礀 琀椀洀攀⸀ 䤀渀 昀愀挀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 ကꄁ椞 嘀椀윀琞 愀爀洀礀 眀愀猀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀椀渀最 琀栀攀椀爀 猀琀爀愀琀攀最礀 漀昀  
besieging and destroying these far-marching troops from three directions. The ਀渀漀爀琀栀 眀椀渀最 眀愀猀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀搀 戀礀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 一最甀礀씀渞 䰀�挞 愀渀搀 栀愀搀 最爀攀愀琀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀猀 琀漀 愀  
battle that could break the hearts of those who were attempting to ‘rob’ and ਀᠀猠攀氀氀ᤀ†漀甀爀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀 愀猀 椀琀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 猀攀攀渀 戀攀氀漀眀⸀ 吀栀攀 攀愀猀琀 眀椀渀最 眀愀猀 挀漀洀瀀漀猀攀搀 漀昀  
warships deployed by Trần Hưng Đạo himself at Vạn Kiếp to stop the enemy’s ਀攀愀猀琀眀愀爀搀 爀攀琀爀攀愀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 琀栀椀爀搀 眀椀渀最Ⰰ 挀漀渀猀椀猀琀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀渀琀椀爀攀 愀爀洀攀搀 昀漀爀挀攀猀Ⰰ 眀愀猀  
concentrated at Thiên Trường and Trường Yên, now known as Nam Định and Ninh Bình ਀爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀椀瘀攀氀礀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀搀 搀椀爀攀挀琀氀礀 戀礀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 一栀渀 吀渀最 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 攀洀瀀攀爀漀爀ⴀ昀愀琀栀攀爀  
Thánh Tông together with two famous generals, Trần Quang Khải and Trần Nhật ਀䐀甀관琞⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 洀愀樀漀爀 昀爀漀渀琀 眀椀琀栀 挀漀洀瀀氀椀挀愀琀攀搀 漀挀挀甀爀爀攀渀挀攀猀 漀渀 漀甀爀 瀀愀爀琀 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀  
on the enemy’s.</span></p>਀㰀栀㘀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CN-Times">Trần Kiện, Trần Tú Viên, and ਀吀爀꜀渞 嘀̀渁 䰀�渞最 匀甀爀爀攀渀搀攀爀椀渀最㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀栀㘀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀伀渀 琀栀攀 攀渀攀洀礀ᤀ猠 瀀愀爀琀Ⰰ 匀漀 吀甀 眀愀猀 甀爀最攀渀琀氀礀 眀椀琀栀搀爀愀眀椀渀最 栀椀猀  
troops from Champa to the north by the order of T’o Huan transmitted by T’ang Wu ਀吀愀椀⸀ 伀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 眀愀礀 漀昀 爀攀琀爀攀愀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 昀椀攀爀挀攀 挀漀洀戀愀琀猀 眀椀琀栀 漀甀爀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 愀猀  
it will be seen below. On our part, subsequent to the battles and then ਀眀椀琀栀搀爀愀眀愀氀猀 昀爀漀洀 吀栀̀渁最 䰀漀渀最 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 戀愀猀攀猀 愀琀 က 䴀ꄀ挞Ⰰ 䄀 䰀휀„愀渀搀 ကꄁ椞 䠀漀渀最Ⰰ 猀漀洀攀  
of the political and military leaders of Đại Việt at that time began to show ਀攀砀琀爀攀洀攀氀礀 瀀甀稀稀氀攀搀Ⰰ 猀攀攀洀椀渀最氀礀 氀漀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀椀爀 挀漀渀昀椀搀攀渀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 渀愀琀椀漀渀ᤀ猠 瀀漀琀攀渀琀椀愀氀  
strength and the brilliant leadership of Emperor Nhân Tông together with ਀䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀ⴀ䘀愀琀栀攀爀 吀栀渀栀 吀渀最 愀渀搀 猀甀挀栀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀猀 愀猀 吀爀꜀渞 䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞Ⰰ 吀爀꜀渞 儀甀愀渀最 䬀栀ꌀ椞⸀  
Among those who sought to connect with the enemy for their surrender, the ਀攀愀爀氀椀攀猀琀 琀爀愀椀琀漀爀 眀愀猀 吀爀꜀渞 䬀椀윀渞 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀 愀挀挀漀洀瀀氀椀挀攀猀⸀ 㰀椀㸀က嘁匀䬀吀吀㰀⼀椀㸀 㔀 瀀⸀㐀㘀戀㔀ⴀ㜀  
says: “<i>On the 1<sup>st</sup>, Giáp Thìn, of the 2<sup>nd</sup> month [of Ất ਀䐀관甞崀Ⰰ 吀渀栀 儀甀턀挞 ကꄁ椞 嘀뀀ꄁ渁最 儀甀턀挞 䬀栀愀渀最ᤀ猠 攀氀搀攀爀 猀漀渀Ⰰ 䌀栀뀀ꄁ渁最 䠀椀뼀渞 䠀꜀甞 渀愀洀攀搀 䬀椀윀琞Ⰰ  
and Lê Sực took their families to surrender the Yuan army. By So Tu’s order, ਀琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 戀爀漀甀最栀琀 琀漀 夀攀渀 䌀栀椀渀最⸀ 䄀琀 䌀愀洀瀀 䴀愀 䰀挞Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 猀琀漀瀀瀀攀搀 愀渀搀 愀琀琀愀挀欀攀搀  
by Nguyễn Thế Lộc and Nguyễn Lĩnh, the natives of Lạng Giang. Kiện was shot dead ਀戀礀 愀 猀攀爀瘀愀渀琀 漀昀 䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞 嘀뀀ꄁ渁最ᤀ猠Ⰰ 一最甀礀씀渞 က쬁愞 䰀⸀ 䰀 匀挞 攀猀挀愀瀀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 渀椀最栀琀Ⰰ  
having Kiện’s corpse carried on a horse. After riding about ten miles, he ਀爀攀愀挀栀攀搀 䬀栀甀 퐀渀 愀渀搀 栀愀搀 䬀椀윀渞 戀甀爀椀攀搀 琀栀攀爀攀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ㰠⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀吀栀攀 昀愀挀琀 椀猀 洀漀爀攀 挀氀攀愀爀氀礀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀䄀渀 一愀洀 䌀栀 䰀뀀挞㰀⼀椀㸀  
4, p.54: “<i>Thế Tử ordered his younger brother, Chiêu Văn Vương Trần Duật and ਀吀爀쬀渞栀 က渀栀 吀漀渀 琀漀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 椀渀 一最栀윀„䄀渀⸀ 䈀攀椀渀最 搀攀昀攀愀琀攀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 愀氀氀 爀愀渀 愀眀愀礀⸀  
In such an urgent situation, Thế Tử ordered his brother’s son, Chương Hiến Hầu ਀吀爀꜀渞 䬀椀윀渞Ⰰ 琀漀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀昀椀攀氀搀 椀渀 吀栀愀渀栀 䠀愀⸀ 䄀昀琀攀爀 氀漀渀最 爀攀猀椀猀琀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 搀甀攀  
to their weakness and lack of reinforcement, Chương Hiến and Sực surrendered.</i>” ਀䄀氀猀漀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀䄀渀 一愀洀 䌀栀 䰀뀀挞㰀⼀椀㸀 ㄀㌀Ⰰ 瀀瀀⸀㄀㌀㄀ⴀ㄀㌀㈀㨀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀吀栀愀琀 眀椀渀琀攀爀 ⠀㄀㈀㠀㐀⤀Ⰰ 䌀栀渀 一愀渀  
Wang’s great army marched into the [An Nam] country, defeating Thế Tử. Yu Chêng ਀匀漀 吀甀Ⰰ 愀搀瘀愀渀挀椀渀最 昀爀漀洀 䌀栀愀洀瀀愀Ⰰ 愀琀琀愀挀欀攀搀 琀栀攀洀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀爀⸀ 䔀砀琀爀攀洀攀氀礀 瀀甀稀稀氀攀搀Ⰰ 吀栀뼀„ 
Tử had no other way than calling for Trần Kiện and dispatching troops to him to ਀昀椀最栀琀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 匀漀 吀甀⸀ 匀攀攀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 眀攀爀攀 眀攀愀欀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀爀攀 眀攀爀攀 渀漀  
reinforcement, and further, without any information of whether Thế Tử was alive ਀漀爀 渀漀琀Ⰰ 䬀椀윀渞 猀攀渀琀 昀漀爀 匀挞Ⰰ 猀愀礀椀渀最Ⰰ 㰀⼀椀㸀ᰀ㰠椀㸀䐀甀攀 琀漀 吀栀뼀„吀ᤞ猠 爀攀昀甀猀愀氀 漀昀 愀琀琀攀渀搀椀渀最  
the audience, the war broke out. In the face of danger, he is still not ਀愀眀愀欀攀渀攀搀⸀ 䠀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 瀀氀攀愀猀攀搀 琀漀 猀攀攀 漀甀爀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀 氀漀猀琀 愀渀搀 漀甀爀 栀漀甀猀攀猀 戀爀漀欀攀渀Ⰰ  
wouldn’t he?” In the 1<sup>st</sup> month of the year that followed (1285), Kiện ਀琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 匀挞ᤀ猠 最爀漀甀瀀 漀昀 愀戀漀甀琀 猀漀洀攀 琀攀渀 琀栀漀甀猀愀渀搀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 猀甀爀爀攀渀搀攀爀攀搀Ⰰ 栀愀渀搀椀渀最  
in their weapons to Chên Nan Wang</i>.”</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">Thus, Trần Kiện’s surrender was a very complicated event. For ਀椀琀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀椀洀攀 眀栀攀渀 愀 搀攀猀挀攀渀搀愀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀漀礀愀氀 昀愀洀椀氀礀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 眀愀猀 椀渀 挀栀愀爀最攀  
of a great army on an important front in Thanh Hóa, surrendered the enemy. If it ਀眀愀猀 渀漀琀 瀀爀漀洀瀀琀氀礀 爀攀猀漀氀瘀攀搀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 愀 昀愀挀琀 洀椀最栀琀 栀愀瘀攀 愀 栀椀最栀氀礀 瀀攀爀椀氀漀甀猀 椀洀瀀愀挀琀Ⰰ  
causing the collapse of the south front. As soon as he retreated from Thăng ਀氀漀渀最Ⰰ 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 一栀渀 吀渀最 爀攀愀氀椀稀攀搀 琀栀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 昀爀漀渀琀⸀ 刀椀最栀琀 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀  
15<sup>th</sup> of the 1<sup>st</sup> month of Ất Dậu (1285), therefore, he ਀甀爀最攀渀琀氀礀 漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 䌀栀椀甀 嘀̀渁 嘀뀀ꄁ渁最 吀爀꜀渞 一栀관琞 䐀甀관琞 琀漀 栀漀氀搀 椀琀⸀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 㰀椀㸀䄀渀 一愀洀 䌀栀 䰀뀀挞㰀⼀椀㸀 㐀 瀀⸀㔀㐀 愀渀搀 㰀椀㸀䌀栀椀渀最 匀栀椀栀  
Ta Tien Tzŭ Lu </i>of <i>Yuan Wen Lei</i> 41 p.27a5-6, by the end of the 1<sup>st</sup> ਀洀漀渀琀栀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀吀愀 圀愀渀最 䌀栀椀愀漀 䌀栀ᤀ椠Ⰰ 夀甀 䌀栀渀最 匀漀 吀甀Ⰰ 吀猀漀 䌀栀渀最 吀ᤀ愠渀最 圀甀 吀愀椀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 匀栀愀渀  
Chêng Hei Ti, who just retreated from Champa, penetrated into Bố Chính ਀倀爀攀昀攀挀琀甀爀攀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ†吀栀攀爀攀愀昀琀攀爀Ⰰ 匀漀 吀甀 眀攀渀琀 漀渀 琀漀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀 琀漀 一最栀윀„䄀渀⸀ 吀爀꜀渞 一栀관琞  
Duật’s troops had to retreat because he could not resist them. <i>ĐVSKTT</i> 5 ਀瀀⸀㐀㘀戀㐀ⴀ㔀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀昀漀爀攀Ⰰ 猀愀礀猀㨀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀伀渀 琀栀攀 ㈀㘀㰀猀甀瀀㸀琀栀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀Ⰰ 䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞 嘀뀀ꄁ渁最 愀猀欀攀搀 嬀琀栀攀  
King] for allowing Thượng Tướng Thái Sư Trần Quang Khải to halt Yuan Shuai So Tu ਀椀渀 一最栀윀„䄀渀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ†䤀琀 瀀漀椀渀琀猀 漀甀琀 琀栀愀琀 猀栀漀爀琀氀礀 愀昀琀攀爀 吀爀꜀渞 一栀관琞 䐀甀관琞 甀爀最攀渀琀氀礀  
reported to our supreme headquarters on his failure to resist the enemy’s ਀昀漀爀挀攀猀Ⰰ 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 一栀渀 吀渀最 愀瀀瀀漀椀渀琀攀搀 吀爀꜀渞 儀甀愀渀最 䬀栀ꌀ椞 琀漀 愀猀猀椀猀琀 栀椀洀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 椀渀  
this period that Trần Kiện was given the command of troops in Thanh Hóa, where “<i>Kiện ਀氀攀搀 匀挞ᤀ猠 最爀漀甀瀀 漀昀 琀攀渀 琀栀漀甀猀愀渀搀 洀攀渀 眀椀琀栀 眀攀愀瀀漀渀猀 琀漀 猀甀爀爀攀渀搀攀爀 䌀栀渀 一愀渀 圀愀渀最㰀⼀椀㸀ᴀ† 
according to <i>An Nam Chí Lược</i> 13 p.132.</span></p>਀㰀栀㘀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CN-Times">The Battle of Phú Tân</span></h6>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">Also in <i>An Nam Chí Lược</i> 4, p.54, on the day that ਀昀漀氀氀漀眀攀搀Ⰰ 椀⸀攀⸀ 琀栀攀 ㈀㰀猀甀瀀㸀渀搀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀Ⰰ ꐀ琞 吀Ⱎ 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㈀㰀猀甀瀀㸀渀搀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀 洀漀渀琀栀 漀昀 ꐀ琞 䐀관甞  
(1285), “<i>Chiao Ch’i commanded the cavalry to cross the gate of Vệ Bố, ਀氀椀焀甀椀搀愀琀椀渀最 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 吀爀꜀渞 昀愀洀椀氀礀 愀渀搀 欀椀氀氀椀渀最 猀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀昀昀椀挀攀爀猀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀  
is, Đinh Xa and Nguyễn Tất Thống</i>.” Then, also according to <i>An Nam Chí ਀䰀뀀挞㰀⼀椀㸀 ㌀ 瀀⸀㔀㐀Ⰰ 漀渀 琀栀攀 ㌀㰀猀甀瀀㸀爀搀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀 搀愀礀 眀栀攀渀 吀ᤀ漠 䠀甀愀渀 眀愀猀 愀琀琀愀挀欀椀渀最 漀甀爀 戀愀猀攀  
at Đại Hoàng and Emperor Nhân Tông was retreating into Thiên Trường, Trần Tú ਀嘀椀渀 愀渀搀 吀爀꜀渞 嘀̀渁 䰀�渞最 猀甀爀爀攀渀搀攀爀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 夀甀愀渀⸀ 䘀漀甀爀 搀愀礀猀 氀愀琀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 椀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 㘀㰀猀甀瀀㸀琀栀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀  
of the 2<sup>nd</sup> month, as recorded in <i>An Nam Chí Lược</i> 4, p.54: “<i>on ਀琀栀攀 㘀㰀猀甀瀀㸀琀栀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀 搀愀礀Ⰰ 䬀„䐀관甞Ⰰ 䌀栀椀愀漀 䌀栀ᤀ椠 氀攀搀 䌀栀愀渀最 䠀猀椀攀渀 琀漀 愀琀琀愀挀欀 琀栀攀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀  
of Thế Tử’s brother Trần Khải at the Phú Tân ferry, cutting off a thousand ਀嬀洀攀渀ᤀ猠崀 栀攀愀搀猀⸀ 嬀伀琀栀攀爀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 椀渀崀 吀栀愀渀栀 䠀愀Ⰰ 一最栀윀„䄀渀 猀甀爀爀攀渀搀攀爀攀搀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ†吀栀椀猀 眀愀猀  
the time when So Tu’s troops could be united with T’o Huan’s as in the words of਀㰀椀㸀䄀渀 一愀渀 䌀栀甀愀渀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀夀甀愀渀 匀栀椀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 ㈀　㤀 瀀⸀㜀戀㐀ⴀ㜀㨀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀吀ᤀ愠渀最 圀甀 吀愀椀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀  
with So Tu’s troops from Champa met with [T’o Huan’s] great army. Since they ਀洀愀爀挀栀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 ကꄁ椞 嘀椀윀琞Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 昀漀甀最栀琀 椀渀 猀攀瘀攀渀 戀愀琀琀氀攀猀Ⰰ 最爀攀愀琀 愀渀搀 猀洀愀氀氀Ⰰ 漀挀挀甀瀀礀椀渀最  
more than two thousand miles of land, four palaces of the [An Nam] king. Earlier ਀琀栀攀礀 栀愀搀 搀攀昀攀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 漀昀 䌀栀椀甀 䴀椀渀栀 嘀뀀ꄁ渁最⸀ 䌀栀椀甀 䠀椀뼀甞 嘀뀀ꄁ渁最 愀渀搀 ကꄁ椞 䰀椀甀  
Hộ were killed. Chiêu Minh Vương ran away, having no courage to appear again. In ਀愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 挀愀瀀琀甀爀攀搀 吀爀꜀渞 吀栀뀀渞最 吀栀뀀Ⰱ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀漀渀ⴀ椀渀ⴀ氀愀眀 漀昀 䰀뀀ꄁ渁最 倀栀渞最 一最„ 
of Giao Chỉ together with Triệu Mạnh Tín, Diệp Lang Tướng and more than four ਀栀甀渀搀爀攀搀 搀攀猀挀攀渀搀愀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀甀渀最 昀愀洀椀氀礀ⴀ椀渀ⴀ攀砀椀氀攀 椀渀 一最栀윀„䄀渀Ⰰ 䐀椀씀渞 䌀栀甀Ⰰ 吀栀愀渀栀  
Hóa, Trường Yên</i>.”</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀䈀漀搀礀吀攀砀琀㈀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: CN-Times">Accordingly, ਀吀爀꜀渞 䬀椀윀渞 栀愀搀 氀攀搀 䌀栀椀愀漀 䌀栀ᤀ椠 琀漀 愀琀琀愀挀欀 琀栀攀 倀栀切 吀渀 戀愀猀攀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀搀 戀礀 吀栀뀀渞最  
Tướng Trần Quang Khải with his son, Văn Túc Vương Đạo Tải, and his nephew, Tả ਀吀栀椀渀 嘀뀀ꄁ渁最 က挞 嘀椀윀瀞⸀ 䈀攀昀漀爀攀 吀爀꜀渞 儀甀愀渀最 䬀栀ꌀ椞 爀攀琀爀攀愀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 戀愀猀攀Ⰰ 䌀栀椀甀 䠀椀뼀甞  
Vương and Đại Liêu Hộ were killed.</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">Thus, the fact that Trần Kiện surrendered to the enemy had a ਀最爀攀愀琀 椀洀瀀愀挀琀 漀渀 漀甀爀 愀爀洀礀⸀ 伀渀 琀栀攀 猀漀甀琀栀攀爀渀 昀爀漀渀琀 猀甀挀栀 昀愀洀漀甀猀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀猀 愀猀 吀爀꜀渞  
Quang Khải, Trần Nhật Duật gradually withdrew from Thanh Hóa and Nghệ Tĩnh ਀琀漀眀愀爀搀 吀栀椀渀 吀爀뀀�渞最⸀ 䄀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 漀昀 ကꄁ椞 䠀漀渀最 漀渀 琀栀攀 ㌀㰀猀甀瀀㸀爀搀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀 漀昀 琀栀攀  
2<sup>nd</sup> month of Ất Dậu (1285) and the battle of Phú Tân on the 6<sup>th</sup>, ਀䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 一栀渀 吀渀最 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 吀爀꜀渞 䠀뀀渁最 ကꄁ漞 愀渀搀 吀爀꜀渞 儀甀愀渀最 䬀栀ꌀ椞 氀愀甀渀挀栀攀搀 愀  
strategic withdrawal. Before his declaration of this withdrawal as a ਀瀀漀猀琀瀀漀渀攀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 洀椀氀椀琀愀爀礀 愀挀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 一栀渀 吀渀最 漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 吀爀甀渀最 䠀椀뼀甞 䠀꜀甞 吀爀꜀渞  
Dương and Nguyễn Nhuệ to negotiate with T’o Huan and, at the same time, ordered ਀栀椀猀 猀攀爀瘀愀渀琀Ⰰ က漀 䬀椀渀Ⰰ 琀漀 漀昀昀攀爀 倀爀椀渀挀攀猀猀 䄀渀 吀뀀 琀漀 䌀栀渀 一愀渀 圀愀渀最 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 瀀甀爀瀀漀猀攀  
of “<i>relieving the country’s disaster</i>.” Thereby, T’o Huan ordered Ch’ien ਀䠀甀 䄀椀 琀漀 瀀攀爀猀甀愀搀攀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 一栀渀 吀渀最 琀漀 愀琀琀攀渀搀 琀栀攀 渀攀最漀琀椀愀琀椀漀渀 戀甀琀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀琀攀爀  
refused, as recorded in <i>An Nam Chí Lược</i> 4, p.54. In <i>ĐVSKTT</i> 5, ਀瀀⸀㐀㜀愀㄀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀愀挀琀 漀昀 漀昀昀攀爀椀渀最 倀爀椀渀挀攀猀猀 䄀渀 吀뀀 椀猀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 戀甀琀 搀愀琀攀搀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀  
battle of Đà Mạc.</span></p>਀㰀栀㘀 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CN-Times">The Strategic Retreat into ਀吀栀愀渀栀 䠀愀㰀⼀猀瀀愀渀㸀㰀⼀栀㘀㸀 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0">਀㰀猀瀀愀渀 氀愀渀最㴀∀䔀一ⴀ唀匀∀㸀吀栀甀猀Ⰰ 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀猀 漀昀 ကꄁ椞 䠀漀渀最 愀渀搀 倀栀切 吀渀 琀栀攀 洀愀樀漀爀  
armed forces of Đại Việt, besides the units posted in regional stations, were ਀昀椀爀猀琀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 吀栀椀渀 吀爀뀀�渞最 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 眀椀琀栀搀爀愀眀渀 猀琀爀愀琀攀最椀挀愀氀氀礀 愀琀 琀栀攀  
river-mouth of Giao Thủy, as recorded in <i>An Nan Chuan</i> of <i>Yuan Shih</i> ਀㈀　㤀 瀀⸀㜀戀㄀　ⴀ㄀㄀⸀ 䄀氀猀漀 椀琀 椀猀 猀愀椀搀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀夀甀愀渀 匀栀椀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 夀甀愀渀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 欀渀漀眀  
where our army moved. Then on page 7b11-12, it says: “<i>Some of Tông’s ਀爀攀氀愀琀椀瘀攀猀 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 嘀̀渁 一最栀⤀愁 䠀꜀甞 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀 昀愀琀栀攀爀 嘀椀 ကꄁ漞 䠀꜀甞Ⰰ 栀椀猀 猀漀渀 䴀椀渀栀 吀爀 䠀꜀甞  
and Seng Shan Chêng, a mandarin of the Sung-in-exile, Tô Thiếu Bảo’s son named ਀吀 䈀ꌀ漞 䌀栀뀀ꄁ渁最Ⰰ 愀渀搀 吀爀꜀渞 吀栀뀀渞最 吀栀뀀ᤁ猠 猀漀渀 渀愀洀攀搀 吀爀꜀渞 က渀栀 吀渀 愀氀氀 猀甀爀爀攀渀搀攀爀攀搀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ† 
Thus, the fact that Văn Nghĩa Hầu, i.e. Trần Tú Viên, defected to the enemy ਀漀挀挀甀爀爀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 ㌀㰀猀甀瀀㸀爀搀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㌀㰀猀甀瀀㸀爀搀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀 洀漀渀琀栀 漀昀 ꐀ琞 䐀관甞 ⠀㄀㈀㠀㔀⤀ 愀猀  
recorded above by <i>An Nam Chí Lược</i> 4 p.54.</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">According to <i>Yuan Shih</i> 209 pp.7b13-8a3, it was these ਀琀爀愀椀琀漀爀猀 琀栀愀琀 猀甀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 吀ᤀ漠 䠀甀愀渀㨀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀刀攀愀挀栀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䄀渀 䈀愀渀最  
estuary, Nhật Huyên gave up his ship, oars, armor, and cane to race into the ਀洀漀甀渀琀愀椀渀猀⸀ 䴀愀渀搀愀爀椀渀猀 愀渀搀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 挀愀瀀琀甀爀攀搀 琀攀渀 琀栀漀甀猀愀渀搀 猀栀椀瀀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 最漀漀搀 漀渀攀猀 漀昀  
which were used, the remaining burned. Then, after three days’ pursuit on land, ਀漀甀爀 愀爀洀礀 挀愀瀀琀甀爀攀搀 愀氀椀瘀攀 猀漀洀攀 洀攀渀Ⰰ 猀愀礀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 攀洀瀀攀爀漀爀ⴀ昀愀琀栀攀爀 嬀椀⸀攀⸀ 吀栀渀栀  
Tông] and Thế Tử had only four ships left, Hưng Đạo Vương and his son three ਀猀栀椀瀀猀Ⰰ 吀栀椀 匀뀀 嬀吀爀꜀渞 一栀관琞 䐀甀관琞崀 攀椀最栀琀礀 猀栀椀瀀猀Ⰰ 愀氀氀 洀漀瘀攀搀 琀漀 吀栀愀渀栀 䠀愀⸀ 圀甀 䴀愀 䔀爀  
Pa Tu commanded 1300 men and 60 ships to help So Tu pursue Thái Sư’s troops</i>.” ਀吀栀甀猀Ⰰ 琀栀椀猀 椀猀 漀戀瘀椀漀甀猀氀礀 愀 眀椀琀栀搀爀愀眀愀氀 漀渀 愀 最爀愀渀搀 猀挀愀氀攀Ⰰ 愀 猀琀爀愀琀攀最椀挀 漀渀攀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀  
out by Emperor Nhân Tông, his emperor-father, Trần Hưng Đạo and Trần Quang Khải.</span></p>਀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䴀猀漀一漀爀洀愀氀∀ 猀琀礀氀攀㴀∀氀椀渀攀ⴀ栀攀椀最栀琀㨀 ㄀㔀　─㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ氀攀昀琀㨀 　㬀 洀愀爀最椀渀ⴀ戀漀琀琀漀洀㨀 　∀㸀 
<span lang="EN-US">When did the withdrawal take place then? <i>An Nam Chí Lược</i> ਀㐀 瀀⸀㔀㐀 猀愀礀猀㨀 ᰀ㰠椀㸀伀渀 琀栀攀 㤀㰀猀甀瀀㸀琀栀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀Ⰰ 一栀洀 一最촀Ⱎ 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㌀㰀猀甀瀀㸀爀搀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀 洀漀渀琀栀Ⰰ  
on a sea patrol with naval troops in Tam Trĩ, Chiao Ch’i and T’ang Wu Tai nearly ਀挀愀瀀琀甀爀攀搀 吀栀뼀„吀㰞⼀椀㸀⸀ᴀ†䤀渀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀搀猀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀က嘁匀䬀吀吀㰀⼀椀㸀 㔀 瀀⸀㐀㜀愀㔀ⴀ㘀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀  
withdrawal of Đại Việt troops into Tam Trĩ (i.e. the Ba Chẻ Mountains in Quảng ਀一椀渀栀⤀ 琀漀漀欀 瀀氀愀挀攀 琀漀眀愀爀搀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㈀㰀猀甀瀀㸀渀搀㰀⼀猀甀瀀㸀 洀漀渀琀栀⸀ 䄀氀猀漀 愀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 
<i>ĐVSKTT</i> 5 p.47b4-5, on the 1<sup>st</sup>,